Environmental Vulnerability: Theoretical Study of SARSCoV-2 Control During Team Water Sports / Vulnerabilidade ambiental: Estudo teórico do controle do SARSCoV-2 durante esportes aquáticos coletivos

This paper analyzes possible chains of transmission of SARS CoV-2 during water sports practice and discuss control measures of COVID-19 adopted through specific national and international health protocols, more specifically related to the insertion of interventions in the city to propitiate the development of aquatic activities. This is explorative research of technical literature review to present the current state of knowledge regarding the occurrence, persistence and possibility of virus transmission during the practice of collective water sports and related activities. National and International health protocols were analyzed in terms of their safety, functionality and premises. The protocols and studies examined emphasize concerns that the airways are the route of transmission with the highest rate of contamination through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. The research confirmed the hypothesis that the current preventive measures established in health protocols to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in aquatic environments if observed, are sufficient to prevent the transmission of the disease in these locations. More specifically, to control the spread of the new coronavirus, it is necessary to avoid close contact with another individual without facial protection, crowds, and places with poor ventilation.

Transformation of Danube Recreational Sites

The purpose of the research was to verify models of sustainable urbanization of the Danube riverside landscape in the suburban surroundings of Bratislava. The research focused on landscape-ecological forms of suburban urbanization in the contact of the river Danube, in the context of meanders of the Danube branches with the formation of recreational localities. The implementation of ecological principles was based on the concept of regional structures with a vision of the renewal of the ancient branches of the Danube for the creation of the climatic envelope of Bratislava from the southwestern side. The completion of the Petržalka, Slnečnice, Južné Mesto, and rural structures near Jarovce, Rusovce, and Čuňovo, conditioned by ecological urbanization, will acquire more landscape elements and a system of blue and green infrastructure. The hierarchical transition of the city to the suburban localities is solved by creating zones of recreation and sports on the Danube. Variant case studies of the "Danubia Park" near the village of Čuňovo are located on the southwestern bank of the Hrušov Reservoir of the Danube, with access to the Wild Water sports zone and the Danubiana Gallery complex. The research followed up on the verification of the recreational function in the landscape and focused on the level of low occupancy, the integration of sports and recreational functions, accessibility by all modes of transport, the penetration of recreation into the open landscape. For the identity of the original landscape, freely modeled connections to the riparian zone, work with water flow in the area, port, pedestrian and cycling connections to the EuroVelo route, outdoor museums of the Danube meadows, lakes and wetland communities, workouts, and multifunctional playgrounds, forms of wellness, sauna world and natural swimming. Ecological recreation concepts in the landscape of the Danube floodplains on the banks of the Danube used the modeling of banks, watercourse lines, meandering of recreational areas, green axes, play areas, elements, and zones. They used lighthouses and lookout towers for accent and orientation. The hierarchy of the release of small urban structures and loose forms of sensitive urbanization with functional flexibility and attractiveness proved the justification and location in the landscape of the Danube meadows, in the contact zones of the protected landscape and the watercourse. In this way, the importance of the suburban landscape structure is beneficial for the city not only in terms of functional attractiveness but also in terms of landscape protection and the climatic influence of the city's hinterland on its compact structures.

Positive body image among Polish elite athletes

Background: This study aimed to analyze factors differentiating body appreciation among Polish elite athletes. Material and Methods: Participants were athletes, both men and women (N=408), who completed questionnaire BAS-2. Results: In general, men had a better perception of their body than women (p<0.01). Higher appreciation of the body was visible among women sprinters, opposite to volleyball players (p <0.03). Indirect competition for women was connected to higher body appreciation (p<0.05). Gender and individual/team sport also significantly differentiated appreciation of the body (p<0.02). Furthermore, training frequency in a week differentiated body appreciation (p<0.03), as well as characteristic of sports performance [indoor sports, and higher in water sports (p<0.02)]. Conclusions: Results suggest that not only the common category of the sport type – aesthetic, technical, strength – differentiates the body image. Equally important for differences in body appreciation is also gender, sport discipline, and background of sport training: frequency per week, the character of competition (direct-indirect), individual/non-individual competition, or characteristic of sports performance.

SOCIO-HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PREREQUISITES FOR TRAINING OF COACHES-TEACHERS IN WATER SPORTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE (THE SECOND HALF OF XX – THE BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY)

The purpose of the article is to highlight the socio-historical and pedagogical prerequisites for the training of coaches-teachers of water sports in higher education institutions of Ukraine (the second half of XX – the beginning of XXI century). The study allowed the use of the principle of taking into account a set of facts and a set of methods adequate to the purpose of the work (analysis, synthesis, classification, comparison, generalization and systematization). The article reveals that the formation and development of the system of training coaches-teachers of water sports in higher education institutions of Ukraine (the second half of XX – the beginning of XXI century) was due to a number of socio-historical and pedagogical preconditions. The most important socio-historical factors that influenced the formation and development of the system of training teachers of water sports in higher education institutions of Ukraine (the second half of XX – the beginning of XXI century) were: the development of sports (introduction of swimming in the Olympic program, the creation of the International Federation swimming, holding the First All-Russian Sports Olympiad, holding the First Soviet Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR, competitions in water sports in yacht clubs, the growth of sportsmanship of athletes); the fighting of the First and Second World Eyelashes, and their consequences; revival of the mass sports movement, due to the mandatory military training of citizens, which included physical training with swimming skills; the focus of physical culture and sports on attracting the masses; lack of opportunity for domestic athletes to enter the world sports arena, isolated cases of victory in water sports, low level of sports training of Ukrainian athletes. Important pedagogical factors concerning the research problem include: opening of institutions of higher education of physical culture profile, creation of faculties of physical education in pedagogical institutes and universities, continuation of activity of technical schools of physical culture profile; creation and restoration of material base for physical culture and sports in general and water sports in particular; increase in curricula and programs of hours for physical education; improvement of educational and methodological support of the process of training coaches-teachers in water sports; reorganization of the system of higher education on the basis of industry and new requirements for coaching; significant shortage of personnel in physical culture, the need for professional development of coaching and teaching staff.Key words: teacher, coach, physical education, physical culture, institutes of physical culture, faculties of physical education, sports, swimming. Мета статті полягає у висвітленні соціально-історичних та педагогічних передумов підготовки тренерів-викладачів з водних видів спорту в закладах вищої освіти України (друга половина ХХ – поча-ток ХХІ століття). Дослідження дало змогу здійснити використання принципу врахування сукупності фактів та комплексу методів, адекватних меті роботи (аналізу, синтезу, класифікації, порівняння, уза-гальнення та систематизації). У статті виявлено, що становлення та розвиток системи підготовки тренерів-викладачів з водних видів спорту в закладах вищої освіти України (друга половина ХХ – початок ХХІ століття) зумовлювались низкою соціально-історичних та педагогічних передумов. Найважливішими соціально-історичними чинниками, які вплинули на становлення та розвиток системи підготовки тренерів-викладачів з водних видів спорту в закладах вищої освіти України (друга половина ХХ – поча-ток ХХІ століття), були розвиток спорту (включення плавання до програми Олімпійських ігор, створення Міжнародної федерації з плавання, проведення І Всеросійської спортивної олімпіади, проведення Першої Радянської Спартакіади народів СРСР, змагання з водних видів спорту в яхт-клубах, зростання спортивної майстерності спортсменів); бойові дії Першої та Другої світових вій, а також їх наслідки; пожвавлення масовості спортивного руху, зумовлене обов’язковою військовою підготовкою громадян, яка включала фізичну підготовку з навичками плавання; спрямованість фізичної культури та спорту на залучення широких народних мас; відсутність можливості у вітчизняних спортсменів вийти на світову спортивну арену, поодинокі випадки перемоги у водних видах спорту, низький рівень спортивної підготовки українських спортсменів. Встановлено, що до вагомих педагогічних чинників щодо проблеми дослідження належать відкриття закладів вищої освіти фізкультурного профілю, створення факультетів фізичного виховання в педагогічних інститутах та університетах, продовження діяльності технікумів фізкультурного профілю; створення та відновлення матеріальної бази для занять фізичною культурою і спортом загалом та з водних видів спорту зокрема; збільшення в навчальних планах та програмах годин на фізичне виховання; вдосконалення навчально-методичного забезпечення процесу підготовки тренерів-викладачів з водних видів спорту; реорганізація системи вищої освіти за галузевою ознакою й нові вимоги до тренерської роботи; відчутний дефіцит кадрів з фізичної культури, потреба у підвищенні кваліфікації тренерсько-викладацького складу.Ключові слова: викладач, тренер, фізичне виховання, фізична культура, інститути фізкультурного профілю, факультети фізичного виховання, спорт, плавання.

INVESTIGATION OF SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ATHLETES DEALING WITH WATER SPORTS

Background: It is known that many factors can cause pressure for the athlete in sports performed on water rather than any outdoor sports. In this context, it is important to train athletes' cognitive abilities and skills with a strong mindset and to increase their awareness of their psychological characteristics. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the psychological characteristics of athletes engaged in water sports regarding locus of control, motivation and achievement orientation and to determine possible relationships between them. Appropriate sampling, one of the non-probabilistic sampling methods, was used in determining the participants, and the study was carried out with a correlational survey model. A total of 147 licensed athletes (34 females and 113 males), including 48 windsurfers, 36 individual sails, 37 sets of sails, 26 kitesurf, participated in the study. Material and methods: The participants were administered the “Revised Locus of Control Scale”, “Sports Motivation Scale II” and “2x2 Achievement Orientation Scale”. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Results: According to the analysis results, it was determined that there are statistically significant differences between national and non-national athletes in all sub-dimensions of the achievement orientation scale and that all athletes have a positive orientation towards learning. The average scores of the performance-approach sub-dimension of athletes aged 20 and under and the amotivated sub-dimension of individuals with sports age 9 and over were found to be significantly higher. In addition, a moderately significant positive correlation was found between performance-avoidance achievement orientation and the integrated regulation motivation dimension, and between intrinsic regulation and learning-approach orientation. Conclusion: As a result, it is thought that individuals dealing with water sports can develop different strategies according to their psychological characteristics on the way to success and the findings will contribute to the field of sports psychology.

Assessment of recreational potential of Sevastopol bays using bioindication methods

Aim. Study of a group of biochemical parameters of the hepatopancreas and gills of the Black Sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. and the functional indicator of cardiac system adaptivity of mussels from Sevastopol bays with different levels of recreational and anthropogenic impact.Methods. Mussels were collected from four Sevastopol water areas (Kruglaya Bay, Kazachya Bay, Matyushenko Bay and Cape Khrustalnii) in autumn 2018. The bioindication methods used were based on application of functional (cardiac system adaptability) and biochemical indicators (antioxidant enzymes activity [AEA], aminotransferases, the alkaline phosphatase [AP], and products of the lipid peroxidation [LPO] and protein oxidation [PO]) of mussel tissues. The hydrochemical parameters of the investigated areas were determined.Results. The anthropogenic impact on a complex of biochemical indicators of mussels at the sampling sites was shown. At the same time, low values of mussel heart rate (HR) recovery time (Trec) (less than 60 min.) in all sampling sites demonstrated the efficiency of biochemical changes in mussels and the possible use of all tested bays as recreational areas.Conclusion. Results of the present research allow the characterization of the ecological status of these Sevastopol sea water areas and to make recommendations about their rational use. Matyushenko and Kazachya Bays are most suitable for beach recreation and recreational fishery. Kazachya Bay also has favourable conditions for the development of water sports. Kruglaya Bay and Cape Khrustalnii are less ecologically safe and require a series of actions to improve water quality.

The Impact of Water Sporting Events on Attitudes Toward Physical Activity: Motivational Profiles of Participants in Modern and Traditional Water Events

The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between attitudes toward physical activity and participation in water sports events and to recognize the main motives for involvement in these kinds of events. A written paper–pencil diagnostic survey was conducted among 394 participants in two traditional and two modern sports events on water held in Poland to ascertain whether innovative (modern) events are needed in society, and whether they cause an increase in interest in physical activity (more than traditional events). The research results showed that modern sports events on water did not have any more power to attract physically inactive people than traditional water events, did not produce a greater desire to lead an active lifestyle, and did not encourage people to more regularly practice water sports. Moreover, modern events, compared to traditional events, were only a one-time experience and the people who completed survey often wanted to return to traditional sports events which provided participants with greater positive emotions than a modern event. In the case of socio-demographical variables, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender and choice of modern or traditional event, but older people were more likely to choose a traditional event than younger people; modern water events were an attractive option primarily for young people under 30 years of age, furthermore, modern events more often attracted people who had completed higher education. However, it turned out that a modern event on water often attracted more people who had had no experience in this sport discipline rather than people who chose traditional water events. In a sense, modern events are therefore effective in promoting water sports in Polish society. We also distinguished five main groups of participants: healthy lifestyle managers, lovers of sports emotions, water sports malcontents, water sports enthusiasts, and neutrals to water sports. Additionally, we looked into gender-related motives for participation in modern and traditional water events: social and health-related motives proved to be more important for women and men who participated in modern water events. The research results presented in the article expand on the current state of knowledge about mass participation in sport, the impact of sporting events on the promotion of physical activity, and show the motivation behind participation in modern and traditional water sporting events.

Study of Prevalence of Neuromuscular Dysfunctions Especially Trunk Dysfunction among the Athletic Population of Rocket, Team and Water Sports

Background: The high prevalence of injury in sports necessitates the use of screening tests and injury prevention programs. Dysfunctions in the neuromuscular control of the trunk or TD (Trunk Dysfunction) are directly related to athletic performance and injury. The present study aims to study the prevalence of neuromuscular dysfunctions especially TD among the athletic population of rocket, team and water sports.Results: For data analysis, it’s used the analysis of variance of (ANOVA) and also the Chi-square tests. The ANOVA test did not show a significant difference between tuck jump test scores among the three sports; the Chi-square test, on the other hand, demonstrated people with and without TD. The number of people with TD was 12 (40%) in table tennis, 6 (20%) in cycling, and 9 (30%) in swimming respectively.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the most and the least people with TD were table tennis and cycling, respectively. According to the direct relationship between TD and sports injury, it’s possible to reduce the risk of injury by an accurate and timely screening and assessing of TD in future athletes, by this, it seems that the quality level and the implementation strategies of techniques, the skills and the activities of athletes can be improved.