A Computational Framework for Human-centric Vehicular Crashworthiness Design and Decision-Making Under Uncertainty

Government agencies, globally, strive to minimize the likelihood and frequency of human death and severe injury on road transport systems. From an engineering design standpoint, the minimization of these road accident effects on occupants becomes a critical design goal. This necessitates the quantification and management of injury risks on the human body in response to several vehicular impact variables and their associated uncertainties for different crash scenarios. In this paper, we present a decision-based, robust design framework to quantify and manage the impact-based injury risks on occupants for different computational model-based car crash scenarios. The key functionality offered is the designer's capability to conduct robust concept exploration focused on managing the selected impact variables and associated uncertainties, such that injury risks are controlled within acceptable levels. The framework's efficacy is tested for near-side impact scenarios with impact velocity and angle of impact as the critical variables of interest. Two injury criteria, namely, Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Lateral Neck Injury Criteria (Lateral Nij), are selected to quantitatively measure the head and neck injury risks in each crash simulation. Using the framework, a robust design problem is formulated to determine the combination of impact variables that best satisfice the injury goals defined. The framework and associated design constructs are generic and support the formulation and decision-based robust concept exploration of similar problems involving models under uncertainty. Our focus in this paper is on the framework rather than the results per se.

Effects of Loading Conditions on the Pelvic Fracture Biomechanism and Discrimination of Forensic Injury Manners of Impact and Run-Over Using the Finite Element Pelvic Model

This study aimed to systematically simulate the responses of pelvic fracture under impact and run-over to clarify the effects of boundary and loading conditions on the pelvic fracture mechanism and provide complementary quantitative evidence for forensic practice. Based on the THUMS finite element model, we have validated the simulation performance of the model by a real postmortem human pelvis side impact experiment. A total of 54 simulations with two injury manners (impact and run-over), seven loading directions (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 270°, 300°, 330°), and six loading velocities (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 km/h) were conducted. Criteria of effective strain, Von-Mises stress, contact force, and self-designed normalized eccentricity were used to evaluate the biomechanism of pelvic fracture. Based on our simulation results, it’s challenging to distinguish impact from run-over only rely on certain characteristic fractures. Loads on the front and back were less likely to cause pelvic fractures. In the 30°, 60°, 300° load directions, the overall deformation caused a “diagonal” pelvic fracture. The higher is the velocity (kinetic energy), the more severe is the pelvic fracture. The contact force will predict the risk of fracture. In addition, our self-designed eccentricity will distinguish the injury manner of impact and run-over under the 90° loads. The “biomechanical fingerprints” based on logistic regression of all biomechanical variables have an AUC of 0.941 in discriminating the injury manners. Our study may provide simulation evidence and new methods for the forensic community to improve the forensic identification ability of injury manners.

LOKALITAS MASYARAKAT DALAM NOVEL ORANG-ORANG OETIMU/LOCALITY OF THE PEOPLE IN NOVEL’S ORANG-ORANG OETIMU

AbstrakTema lokalitas yang dikemas dengan sangat apik mengantarkan Felix K. Nesi menyabet pemenang sayembara tahunan DKJ 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji dinamika lokalitas masyarakat NTT yang dinarasikan pengarang dalam novelnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah novel Orang-Orang Oetimukarya Felix K. Nesi. Data penelitian berupa kata, frasa, atau kalimat yang menunjukkan unsur-unsur lokalitas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertama terdapat enam unsur lokalitas yang dinarasikan dalam novel. Enam unsur tersebut diantaranya ialah lokalitas bahasa, lokalitas religi, lokalitas sistem pengetahuan, lokalitas sistem perekonomian, lokalitas kesenian, serta lokalitas sistem teknologi. Kedua, sebagian besar unsur lokalitas tersebut mengalami perkembangan. Perkembangan ini bagaikan dua sisi mata pisau, dimana satu sisi memberikan pengaruh positif dan sisi yang lain memberikan pengaruh yang negatif. Ketiga, adanya perkembangan kebudayaan ini tidak terlepas dari munculnya arus globalisasi yang terbangun atas 4 dimensi kebudayaan global yakni ideoscape, ethnoscape, mediascape, dan technoscape. Kata kunci:lokalitas, kebudayaan, sosiologi sastra AbstractTheme of locality was packaged very nicely led Felix K. Nesi to win in the 2018 DKJ annual contest. The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamics of locality of the NTT. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a sociological approach to literature. The data source of this research is the novel Orang-Orang Oetimu by Felix K. Nesi. Research data form of words, phrases, or sentences that indicate of locality. The results of this study are first there are six elements of locality narrated in the novel. These six elements include language locality, religious locality, knowledge system locality, economic system locality, artistic locality, and technological system locality. Second,) most of these elements locality is developing. Development are two sides of the blade, where one side impact positive and the other negative impact. Third, development of these cultures can’t be separated from the globalization developed 4 dimension global culture as ideoscape, ethnoscape, mediascape, and technoscape.Keywords: locality, culture, sociology of literature

A Methodological Study to Analyze and Design the Car Chassis

The car's chassis is also called a structure that locates and mounts all the vehicle's components. It also creates a secure environment for the occupants. The chassis will provide torsional and flexural rigidity to the vehicle that makes the chassis one of the most crucial elements of the vehicle. Therefore, the front impact, rear impact, side impact, front torsional, rear torsional, vertical bending, lateral bending analyses were performed. The contribution of chassis is not limited to supporting the vehicle’s component, but it extends to providing better performance and aesthetics. Therefore, the design of the car chassis must be done accordingly. The current paper deals with the study of the design and analysis of the race car. The deformation, stress, and Factor of safety were considered as the evaluation parameters which were obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Ansys software. To design the chassis, the SolidWorks software was utilized. Keywords: Car Chassis, Design, FEA, Material Comparison.

Effect of steel forming on vehicle side impact behavior

Despite the seemingly daily development of high-strength new generation steel sheets, steel sheets still remain the most important engineering material used in a vehicle body. These steel parts in a vehicle body, meant to absorb energy during impact, are generally produced by steel forming methods. These steel forming operations may contain processes such as deep drawing, bending, cutting, spring back, spinning. According to the production conditions and type of processes used during the production of sheet metal parts, thinning, thickening, plastic deformation, folding, tearing and wrinkling may occur. In order to achieve more reliable impact simulations, these effects in the forming process should be conferred on impact analysis. Within the scope of this study, an analysis of the critical parts in steel forming that absorb the most energy during the side impact was conducted – first for vehicles. In a subsequent impact analysis, the effects of changes (thickness distribution, residual stress, plastic deformation, etc.) during steel forming were examined.

Peculiarities of damages of drivers and passengers in cars of class D in a side impact

Aim of the study - to establish features of damage of the driver and the passenger in salon of the car of a class D at side collision. Material and methods. Cases of road accidents were analyzed from 2008 to 2021 in Zhytomyr, Rivne, Volyn regions of Ukraine. Side impact (right and left) with the fatal outcome of the driver and front passenger of class D cars were considered in the case of an automobile injury. We used general scientific and special methods, namely system-structural analysis, observation, comparison, description. Additionally, a forensic examination of the damage was carried out. Statistical analysis included primary data processing using descriptive statistics and testing the null hypothesis by multivariate analysis.Results. We identified characteristics of damage to the driver and passenger in a side impact. They were different and characterized by dependence on the right or left side of the collision.Conclusions. The resulting set of injuries witch characterize a driver or passenger of class D cars in left and right impact can be used to identify them in a forensic medical examination.

Lightweight Design of Patch Plate on Car-body B-pillar based on Side Impact Safety

The B-pillar of automobile needs to meet the requirements of vehicle strength and rigidity, and also consider the fuel economy of vehicle. Therefore, the design and development of B-pillar is a difficult point in the field of car body design and manufacturing. Based on the side impact regulations, the safety model ling and simulation analysis of the B-pillar of the vehicle was carried out to obtain the change law of the intrusion amount and the intrusion speed of the five key points in the whole process. According to the analysis results of side impact of B-pillar, a scheme to reduce the material thickness of B-pillar body and increase patch plate for lightweight design was proposed, and a comparative analysis of the safety of side impact was made. In view of the problem that the intrusion of B-pillar of a real vehicle model did not conform to the regulations, the design scheme of adding patch plate was proposed to improve the safety of side impact. According to the actual collision results, the simulation model was modified, and the design scheme was simulated and optimized. The reliability of the design scheme was verified by the real vehicle collision analysis. The results show that: in the side collision of B-pillar, the intrusion of D2 position measurement point is the largest, the intrusion velocity of D3 position measurement point is the largest, and the intrusion amount and intrusion speed of D5 position measurement point are the smallest. Patch plates are added to the inner side of adjacent area of D2 position measurement point. The welding point is welded with B-pillar structure, and other areas of B-pillar keep the same structure, so as to realize lightweight and effective improvement of safety. Under the condition of maintaining the original material and thickness of B-pillar, two patches with thickness of 2 mm and material of B340LA are added in the middle of B-pillar to improve the structural strength. The defect area is set at the wrinkle position of the original B-pillar to guide the deformation mode of the B-pillar. The relative deviation between simulation calculation and test intrusion is less than 20 %, and the car crash simulation model with improved B-pillar structure is more accurate. For this type of car, the optimization and improvement effect of B-pillar structure is ideal, which improves the passenger safety protection ability in side impact.

Results verification of numerical simulation of the side impact of a vehicle in a three-point bending test

The research objective was to use numerical simulation to verify safety characteristics of deformation zone reinforcements subjected to bending, obtained from experimental results of the stretch-bending test. The methodology proposed for result verification by means of numerical simulation using a three-point bending test was verified on a sheet metal strip made of micro alloyed steel H 220 PD and a two-phase ferritic-martensitic steel DP 600. Material data for the material model according to Krupkovsky were determined in the tensile test. The measured data were processed tabularly and graphically. A comparison of the deformation work constant and the stiffness and deformation force constants shows that a very good match between the measured and the calculated characteristics has been achieved. Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that it is possible to reduce the weight of deformation elements while maintaining the required safety characteristics by replacing micro alloyed steel H 220PD with the two-phase DP steel.