scholarly journals Lower Neck Injury Assessment Risk Curves Based on Matched-Pair Human Data for Anthropomorphic Test Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 639-644
Author(s):  
John Humm ◽  
Narayan Yoganandan
Keyword(s):  
Neck Injury ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Force Moment ◽  
Injury Assessment ◽  
Lower Neck ◽  
Injury Outcomes ◽  
Risk Curves

ABSTRACT Introduction Under G +x accelerative loading, the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is used to advance human safety. Although injury assessment risk curves (IARCs) are available at the level of the occipital condyles (commonly termed as upper neck), they do not exist for the cervical-thoracic junction (lower neck). The objectives of this study are to develop IARCs under G +x impact accelerations for the Hybrid III ATD and test device for human occupant restraint (THOR) ATD at the cervical thoracic junction. Methods A series of Hybrid III ATD tests were conducted using input conditions that matched previously published cadaver tests. A separate series of THOR-ATD tests were conducted using the same input conditions that matched the same previously published cadaver tests. This type of experimental design where the cadaver input condition is the same as the ATD tests are termed matched-pair tests (Cadaver-Hybrid III and Cadaver-THOR-ATD). Injury outcomes from human cadaver tests were used with loads at the cervical thoracic junction, measured in the ATD tests. Data were censored based on injury outcomes and the number of tests conducted on each specimen. Parametric survival analysis was used to derive IARCs for cervical thoracic junction force-, moment-, and interaction-based lower neck injury criterion (LNic). Results Injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale scheme. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 or 2 was scored as injured. The 50% risk levels for the Hybrid III ATD were 315 N, 70 Nm, and 1.12 for the cervical thoracic A/P shear force-, sagittal plane extension moment-, and LNic-based injury criterion, respectively. Results for the THOR ATD were 261 N, 69 Nm, and 1.51. Conclusions This is the first study to develop cervical thoracic junction IARCs for the ATDs based on force, moment, and LNic for posterior to anterior loading.

Development of Lower Neck Injury Assessment Reference Values Based on Comparison of ATD and PMHS Tests

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 308-323
Author(s):  
Christine Raasch ◽  
Michael Carhart ◽  
B. Johan Ivarsson ◽  
Scott Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Injury Assessment ◽  
Lower Neck

Analysis of Stand-Up Forklift Operator Injuries in Off-the-Dock and Tip-Over Incidents With a Latched Door on the Operator Access Opening

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Wiechel ◽  
William R. “Mike” Scott
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
High Risk ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
The Impact

A series of tip-over and off-the-dock impact tests were performed with stand-up forklifts to investigate the potential for injury to the operator of a forklift in these types of accidents, when the forklift is equipped with an operator’s compartment door. One Crown Equipment Company 35RRTT Model and one 35RCTT Model stand-up forklifts were used in the impact tests. The only modification to the forklifts for the tests was the placement of a door on the entrance to the operator’s compartment. A Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was placed in the operator’s compartment as a human surrogate. During each test, head accelerations, chest accelerations, neck loads, and lumbar loads were measured on the ATD. The motion of the forklift and the ATD were filmed with real-time video and high-speed cameras. Results from the impact tests indicate that there is a high risk of head injury in a right-side tip-over accident and a high risk of head injury and neck injury in a left-side tip-over accident. There is a high risk of a head injury, neck injury, and thoracic injury in off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents. In an off-the-dock forks-leading accident, there is a high risk of arm/shoulder injury, head injury, and neck injury. In both tip-over and off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents, there is a high probability of an entrapment injury under the overhead guard on the forklift.

The Effect of an Operator Compartment Door on Standup Forklift Off-Dock and Tip-Over Injuries

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Wiechel ◽  
William R. (Mike) Scott
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
High Risk ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
The Impact

A series of tip-over and off-the-dock impact tests were performed with stand-up forklifts in order to investigate the potential for injury to the operator of a forklift in these types of accidents when the forklift is equipped with an operator’s compartment door. One Crown Equipment Company RR Model and one RC Model stand-up forklift were used in the impact tests. The only modification to the forklifts for the tests was the placement of a door on the entrance to the operator’s compartment. A Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was placed in the operator’s compartment as a human surrogate. During each test, head accelerations, chest accelerations, neck loads and lumbar loads were measured on the ATD. The motion of the forklift and the ATD were filmed with video and high-speed cameras. Results from the impact tests indicate that there is a high risk of head injury in a right side tip-over accident and a high risk of head injury and neck injury in a left side tip-over accident. There is a high risk of a head injury, neck injury and thoracic injury in off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents. In an off-the-dock forks-leading accident there is a high risk of arm/shoulder injury, head injury, and neck injury. In both tip-over and off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents there is a high probability of an entrapment injury under the overhead guard on the forklift.

Lower neck injury criteria for THOR and Hybrid III dummies in rear impact

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
John Humm ◽  
Preston Greenhalgh ◽  
Jeffrey Somers
Keyword(s):  
Neck Injury ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Lower Neck

scholarly journals Biomechanical Analysis of Serious Neck Injuries Resulting from Judo

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Nakanishi ◽  
Masahito Hitosugi ◽  
Haruo Murayama ◽  
Arisa Takeda ◽  
Yasuki Motozawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Load Cells

To establish a basis for initial diagnosis and for proposing preventive measures for the serious neck injuries occasionally experienced by judo practitioners, the biomechanical mechanisms of these injuries were analyzed. Two male judo experts repeatedly threw an anthropomorphic test device (POLAR dummy) using three throwing techniques (Seoi-nage, Osoto-gari, and Ouchi-gari). The dummy’s kinematic data were captured using a high-speed digital camera, and the load and moment of the neck were measured with load cells. The neck injury criterion (Nij) and beam criterion were also calculated. In Seoi-nage, the anterior and parietal regions of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami (judo mat). Subsequently, most of the body weight was applied, with the neck experiencing the highest compression. However, in Osoto-gari and Ouchi-gari, the occipital region of the dummy’s head contacted the tatami. Significantly higher values of both Nij (median 0.68) and beam criterion (median 0.90) corresponding to a 34.7% to 37.1% risk of neck injury with an abbreviated injury scale score ≥2 were shown in Seoi-nage than in either Ouchi-gari or Osoto-gari. In judo, when thrown by the Seoi-nage technique, serious neck injuries can occur as a result of neck compression that occurs when the head contacts the ground.

The relationship of seat backrest angle and neck injury in low-velocity rear impacts

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (11) ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Latchford ◽  
E C Chirwa ◽  
T Chen ◽  
M Mao
Keyword(s):  
Close Correlation ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Cervical Spine Injuries ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Test Specifications ◽  
Lower Neck ◽  
Rear Impacts ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Car-rear-impact-induced cervical spine injuries present a serious burden on society and, in response, seats offering enhanced protection have been introduced. Seats are evaluated for neck protection performance but only at one specific backrest angle, whereas in the real world this varies greatly owing to the variation in occupant physique. Changing the backrest angle modifies the seat geometry and thereby the nature of its interaction with the occupant. Low-velocity rear-impact tests on a BioRID II anthropomorphic test dummy (ATD) have shown that changes in backrest angle have a significant proportionate effect on dummy kinematics. A close correlation was found between changes in backrest angle and the responses of neck injury predictors such as lower neck loading and lower neck shear but not for the neck injury criterion NICmax. Torso ramping was evident, however, with negligible effect in low-velocity impacts. The backrest angle ranged from 20° to 30° whereas the BioRID II spine was adapted to a range from 20° to 26.5°. Nevertheless, in general, instrumentation outputs correlated well, indicating that this ATD could be used for evaluating seats over a 20–30° range rather than solely at 25° as required by current approval test specifications.

Multidirection Validation of a Finite Element 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device for Spaceflight Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Jones ◽  
James P. Gaewsky ◽  
Mona Saffarzadeh ◽  
Jacob B. Putnam ◽  
Ashley A. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Fe Modeling ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Male Hybrid

The use of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) for calculating injury risk of occupants in spaceflight scenarios is crucial for ensuring the safety of crewmembers. Finite element (FE) modeling of ATDs reduces cost and time in the design process. The objective of this study was to validate a Hybrid III ATD FE model using a multidirection test matrix for future spaceflight configurations. Twenty-five Hybrid III physical tests were simulated using a 50th percentile male Hybrid III FE model. The sled acceleration pulses were approximately half-sine shaped, and can be described as a combination of peak acceleration and time to reach peak (rise time). The range of peak accelerations was 10–20 G, and the rise times were 30–110 ms. Test directions were frontal (−GX), rear (GX), vertical (GZ), and lateral (GY). Simulation responses were compared to physical tests using the correlation and analysis (CORA) method. Correlations were very good to excellent and the order of best average response by direction was −GX (0.916±0.054), GZ (0.841±0.117), GX (0.792±0.145), and finally GY (0.775±0.078). Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrated the model replicated the physical ATD well and can be used for future spaceflight configuration modeling and simulation.

Blast Mitigation Seat Analysis: Evaluation of Lumbar Compression Data Trends in 5th Percentile Female Anthropomorphic Test Device Performance Compared to 50th Percentile Male Anthropomorphic Test Device in Drop Tower Testing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Blast Mitigation ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Military Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
System Survivability ◽  
Blast Energy ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Although blast mitigation seats are historically designed to protect the 50th percentile male occupant based on mass, the scope of the occupant centric platform (OCP) Technology Enabled Capability Demonstration (TEC-D) within the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research Development Engineering Center (TARDEC) Ground System Survivability has been expanded to encompass lighter and heavier occupants which represents the central 90th percentile of the military population. A series of drop tower tests were conducted on twelve models of blast energy-attenuating (EA) seats to determine the effects of vertical accelerative loading on ground vehicle occupants. Two previous technical publications evaluated specific aspects of the results of these drop tower tests on EA seats containing the three sizes of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) including the Hybrid III 5th percentile female, the Hybrid III 50th percentile male, and the Hybrid III 95th percentile male. The first publication addressed the overall trends of the forces, moments, and accelerations recorded by the ATDs when compared to Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs), as well as validating the methodology used in the drop tower evaluations1. Review of ATD data determined that the lumbar spine compression in the vertical direction could be used as the “go/no-go” indicator of seat performance. The second publication assessed the quantitative effects of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on the small occupant, as the addition of a helmet and Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) with additional gear increased the weight of the 5th percentile female ATD more than 50%2. Comparison of the loading data with and without PPE determined that the additional weight of PPE increased the overall risk of compressive injury to the lumbar and upper neck of the small occupant during an underbody blast event. Using the same data set, this technical paper aimed to evaluate overall accelerative loading trends of the 5th percentile female ATD when compared to those of the 50th percentile male ATD in the same seat and PPE configuration. This data trend comparison was conducted to gain an understanding of how seat loading may differ with a smaller occupant. The focus of the data analysis centered around the lumbar spine compression, as this channel was the most likely to exceed the IARV limit for the 5th percentile female ATD. Based on the previous analysis of this data set, the lightest occupant trends showed difficulty in protecting against lumbar compression injuries with respect to the 5th percentile female’s IARV, whereas the larger occupants experienced fewer issues in complying with their respective IARVs for lumbar compression. A review of pelvis acceleration was also conducted for additional kinetic insight into the motion of the ATDs as the seat strokes. This analysis included a review of how the weight and size of the occupant may affect the transmission of forces through a stroking seat during the vertical accelerative loading impulse.

Effects of Lumbar Spine Assemblies and Body-Borne Equipment Mass on Anthropomorphic Test Device Responses During Drop Tests

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Aggromito ◽  
Mark Jaffrey ◽  
Allen Chhor ◽  
Bernard Chen ◽  
Wenyi Yan
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Maximum Relative Displacement ◽  
The Impact

When simulating or conducting land mine blast tests on armored vehicles to assess potential occupant injury, the preference is to use the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD). In land blast events, neither the effect of body-borne equipment (BBE) on the ATD response nor the dynamic response index (DRI) is well understood. An experimental study was carried out using a drop tower test rig, with a rigid seat mounted on a carriage table undergoing average accelerations of 161 g and 232 g over 3 ms. A key aspect of the work looked at the various lumbar spine assemblies available for a Hybrid III ATD. These can result in different load cell orientations for the ATD which in turn can affect the load measurement in the vertical and horizontal planes. Thirty-two tests were carried out using two BBE mass conditions and three variations of ATDs. The latter were the Hybrid III with the curved (conventional) spine, the Hybrid III with the pedestrian (straight) spine, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Hybrid III which also has a straight spine. The results showed that the straight lumbar spine assemblies produced similar ATD responses in drop tower tests using a rigid seat. In contrast, the curved lumbar spine assembly generated a lower pelvis acceleration and a higher lumbar load than the straight lumbar spine assemblies. The maximum relative displacement of the lumbar spine occurred after the peak loading event, suggesting that the DRI is not suitable for assessing injury when the impact duration is short and an ATD is seated on a rigid seat on a drop tower. The peak vertical lumbar loads did not change with increasing BBE mass because the equipment mass effects did not become a factor during the peak loading event.

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