A Case Study on Reducing the Fuel Pulse Noise from Gasoline Engine Injectors

Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a direct injection gasoline engine when operated in an internationally recognized driving cycle. The vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system consists of a three-way catalytic converter; a particulate filter is not installed. The emissions are analyzed with a focus on particulate number emissions (from soot), especially during the warm-up phase and the frequent start–stop events (in total, there are 12 internal combustion engine operating phases), which are typical for hybrid vehicles. The results show that approximately 50% of the emitted particulates have a smaller size, 23 nm (a very high number of particulates with a mean size of 10 to 15 nm are present), which are currently not regulated, but are expected to have a high risk of adverse health effects.

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Engine-generated solid particles – a case study

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-2018-304 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 174 (3) ◽

pp. 33-39

Author(s):

Katarzyna SZRAMOWIAT ◽

Joseph WOODBURN ◽

Wiktor PACURA ◽

Katarzyna BERENT ◽

Piotr BIELACZYC ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Road Vehicles ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Sem Images ◽

Best Available Techniques ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Gasoline Vehicles

Current ecological trends and resulting legislation like European emissions standards Euro 6d or Best Available Techniques are setting new challenges in the field of environmental protection. Since the problem of emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines was solved by the application of diesel particulate filters (DPFs or FAPs) and due to the global dominance of gasoline fuelled passenger cars, particular concern has been focused on improvement of emissions performance of gasoline vehicles, including hybrids, as well as heavy-duty and non-road vehicles. This paper presents the results of preliminary studies on the chemical and physical properties of gasoline engine-generated particles, including nanoparticles. SEM images were presented which allowed identification of the character of particulate matter and estimates of the dimensions of particles. Moreover, the particles were found to be composed of different elements, including Cu, Si, Na, Ca, Zn and P, pointing to the origination of these particles from the pistons and lubricant additives.

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Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering ◽

10.1007/s11783-012-0438-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 717-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xin Yue ◽

Ye Wu ◽

Xianjiang Huang ◽

Yao Ma ◽

Yuan Pang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Use Case ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicle ◽

Beijing China ◽

Engine Deposits

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Computer Engineering and Design of Cast Parts for Internal Combustion Engine Crankcase

Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.21272/jes.2019.6(2).e4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. e24-e30

Author(s):

O. V. Akimov ◽

A. P. Marchenko ◽

V. I. Alyokhin ◽

V. Soloshenko ◽

O. Y. Shinsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Metal Content ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Gray Cast Iron ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Maximum Size ◽

Cylinder Block ◽

Computer Engineering ◽

Cast Parts

This paper discusses the formulation of the problem of designing the cast parts block-crankcases engine in order to ensure its quality for the case study of cast iron parts of the cylinder block inline four-cylinder gasoline engine with the capacity of 1.4 dm3. Material Ch190B is gray cast iron with optional chemical composition, and sulfur – no more than 0.15 %, phosphorus – no more than 0.1 %, structure – perlite plate. The results obtained in this work confirm the conclusions about the possibility of reducing the metal content of the casting and changing the technical conditions of its manufacture. According to the results of the research, the developed recommendations are aimed at stabilizing the characteristics of the metal, reducing metal consumption, and changing the technical conditions for the defectiveness of this type of castings. Recommendations for changing the configuration of the partition in order to reduce the metal content of the casting and recommendations for changing the Technical Conditions for casting defects were stated for the casting block crankcase 4ChN12/14. For defects of discontinuity type, the maximum size was defined, and controlled places of their detecting were defined. Keywords: CAD, CAE, block-crankcase, 3D model, casting defect.

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Wheeling and Dealing

Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2005-apr-3 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (04) ◽

pp. 44-46

Author(s):

John Varrasi

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

20Th Century ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

World War ◽

The Us ◽

French And English

This article highlights the inventiveness of engineers that made the auto trade big business in the early 20th century. While lacking the fame and name recognition of others in the US automobile business around the time of World War I, Lloyd R. Smith’s contribution to the industry was major. The A.O. Smith frame plant stands as a vivid case study on the role of engineering and technical innovation in the emergence and growth of the automobile industry. At the start of the 20th century, the gasoline engine initially competed for popularity with the electric motor, which was used on French and English roads. The electric motor was cleaner and easier to shift. It was considered more reliable and safer. The story of the automobile is told around images and symbols of speed and power, beauty and elegance, freedom and open roads. For ASME and the mechanical engineering community, the automobile is also about technological progress and engineering achievement beginning with the 20th century and building for a100 years.

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The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x13009850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 102-129

Author(s):

ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽

EUDALD CORTINA ORERO

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

El Salvador ◽

Early Years ◽

Left Wing ◽

Internal Dynamics ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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Culture and the plasticity of perception

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002887 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Lifshitz ◽

T. M. Luhrmann

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Sensory Experience ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

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Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

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