Engine-generated solid particles – a case study

Current ecological trends and resulting legislation like European emissions standards Euro 6d or Best Available Techniques are setting new challenges in the field of environmental protection. Since the problem of emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines was solved by the application of diesel particulate filters (DPFs or FAPs) and due to the global dominance of gasoline fuelled passenger cars, particular concern has been focused on improvement of emissions performance of gasoline vehicles, including hybrids, as well as heavy-duty and non-road vehicles. This paper presents the results of preliminary studies on the chemical and physical properties of gasoline engine-generated particles, including nanoparticles. SEM images were presented which allowed identification of the character of particulate matter and estimates of the dimensions of particles. Moreover, the particles were found to be composed of different elements, including Cu, Si, Na, Ca, Zn and P, pointing to the origination of these particles from the pistons and lubricant additives.

Download Full-text

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9070586 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 586 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Barouch Giechaskiel ◽

Ameya Joshi ◽

Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽

Panagiota Dilara

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Particle Number ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

The European Union ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Gasoline Vehicles ◽

On The Road ◽

The Impact

The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

Download Full-text

A cascade impactor as a method of collecting nano-objects for microscopic analysis

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.9944 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 161-180

Author(s):

Paweł Kozikowski

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Occupational Safety ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Cascade Impactor ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Equivalent Diameter ◽

Occupational Groups ◽

Sem Images ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Harmful Effects

Particulate matter can be harmful to human health and the risk of harmful effects increases with the duration of exposure. Currently, the occupational groups that are potentially exposed to nanomaterials are those who manufacture and supply them. Therefore, it is necessary to use devices for the collection and analysis of solid particles with the exclusion of the ambient fraction. In this study, Diesel soot generated using Diesel engine has been collected with cascade impactor and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Observations revealed large discrepancies between the cut off diameter d50 and equivalent diameter calculated from SEM images and a number of types of Diesel particulate matter. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Download Full-text

Road vehicles - Supplementary grip devices for tyres of passenger cars and light duty vehicles

10.3403/bsen16662 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Road Vehicles ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

Download Full-text

Objective Evaluation of Drivability in Passenger Cars with Dual-Clutch Transmission: A Case Study of Static Gearshift Condition

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/2061083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Wei Zhou ◽

Xuexun Guo ◽

Xiaofei Pei ◽

Chengcai Zhang ◽

Jun Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Ahp ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Dual Clutch Transmission ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Denoising Method ◽

Fuzzy Matrix ◽

Predictability Score

This paper is aimed at the problem that the subjective drivability evaluation by experienced test drivers is limited in time efficiency and is of high cost and poor repeatability. In this article, an intelligent drivability objective evaluation tool (I-DOET) for passenger cars with dual-clutch transmission (DCT) is developed and verified by real vehicle testing. First, the signal denoising method and its key parameters, which are suitable for drivability evaluation, are selected based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Besides, combined with the uncertainty characteristics of subjective judgment, a mathematical model of the objective drivability evaluation FARODE (fuzzy AHP-RS based on objective drivability evaluation) is proposed by using the fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) method. The AHP and rough set (RS) method are used to calculate the subjective and objective weights of the drivability evaluation, respectively, and the proportion of subjective and objective weights is determined by the principle of minimum relative information entropy. The fuzzy matrix is built by membership function of the evaluation indexes. Finally, the static gearshift condition focused on by the subjective evaluation experts is taken as a case study. The predictability score is obtained by combining the drivability quantization lever vector, comprehensive weight, and fuzzy matrix. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is applicable for objective drivability evaluation in passenger cars with DCT.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11136123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 6123

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽

Zdzisław Chłopek ◽

Hubert Sar ◽

Krystian Szczepański ◽

Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Legal Status ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Road Transport ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

European Economic Area ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Exhaust Gases ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

Download Full-text

A Study on Indoor Particulate Matter Variation in Time Based on Count and Sizes and in Relation to Meteorological Conditions

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8263

Author(s):

Marius Bodor

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Air Quality Monitoring ◽

Indoor Location ◽

Particle Matter ◽

Indoor Particulate Matter

An important aspect of air pollution analysis consists of the varied presence of particulate matter in analyzed air samples. In this respect, the present work aims to present a case study regarding the evolution in time of quantified particulate matter of different sizes. This study is based on data acquisitioned in an indoor location, already used in a former particulate matter-related article; thus, it can be considered as a continuation of that study, with the general aim to demonstrate the necessity to expand the existing network for pollution monitoring. Besides particle matter quantification, a correlation of the obtained results is also presented against meteorological data acquisitioned by the National Air Quality Monitoring Network. The transformation of quantified PM data in mass per volume and a comparison with other results are also addressed.

Download Full-text

The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1046

Author(s):

Maksymilian Mądziel ◽

Tiziana Campisi ◽

Artur Jaworski ◽

Giovanni Tesoriere

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Present Report ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Particulate Concentration ◽

The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

Download Full-text