scholarly journals The gender and side asymmetry of length of the styloid process

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan HT Smit ◽  
H Breen
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Sample Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Base Of The Skull ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Side Asymmetry

The styloid process is a sharp bony projection, at the base of the skull, and part of the temporal bone. Muscles and ligaments are attached to this process, but they are rarely of any clinical significance unless the styloid process is fractured or severely elongated. Pathology of the styloid process is referred to as Eagle’s syndrome. This was after a publication by Eagle (1937) in which he reported a 4% prevalence of elongated styloid processes. Later studies reported much higher percentages of elongated processes. The aims of this study was to investigate the mean length of the styloid process and compare this with what is accepted as the “normal” length after the Eagle publication. The study also looked at evidence of asymmetry between the two sides within the same specimen. Comparison in the lengths between the two sexes were also made. Forty-five styloid processes from 28 different individuals were measured for comparison. The sample group consisted out of 18 males- and 10 female subjects. The lengths of the styloid processes varied from 7.17 – 50.54mm, with a mean of 27.48mm. Styloid processes were on average 0.87mm longer on the right side and 3.12mm longer in the male specimens. This mean length of 27mm supports the claim by Eagle that the “normal” length is around 25mm. Ten out of 25 individuals (40%) exhibited “elongated” styloid processes measuring over 25mm. These findings were higher than those reported by Eagle. Elongated styloid processes are clinically important in order to make the correct diagnosis.Keywords: Styloid process; Eagel’s Syndrome; Elongated (abnormal length) styloid process.

Incidence of the Type and Calcification Patterns in Patients with Elongated Styloid Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ilgüy ◽  
D Ilgüy ◽  
N Güler ◽  
G Bayirli
Keyword(s):  
Styloid Process ◽  
Type I ◽  
Frequent Patterns ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

We investigated the incidence of elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome) using panoramic radiographs taken of 860 patients referred to our clinic. Any styloid process identified was classified according to its length, type and the pattern of calcification. Fifty-nine elongated styloid processes were identified in 32 patients (3.7%), most being bilateral; 24 patients were female and eight were male (female/male ratio: 3:1). The mean age of these patients was 43 ± 14 years (range: 18 − 78 years). Type I (elongated) was the most frequent type on both sides (42/59); and the most frequent patterns of calcification were partially calcified on the left side (18/59) and completely calcified on the right side (16/59). Only two patients were symptomatic. A corrected differential diagnosis is important to distinguish elongated styloid process from other pathologies with partially overlapping symptoms. We would recommend that clinicians consider the possibility of Eagle's syndrome when both the clinical and radiographic evidence support this diagnosis.

scholarly journals Radiographic Measurement of Cochlear in Sudanese Population using High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Bushara ◽  
Mohamed Yousef ◽  
Ikhlas Abdelaziz ◽  
Mogahid Zidan ◽  
Dalia Bilal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

This study aimed to determine the measurements of the cochlea among healthy subjects and hearing deafness subjects using a High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT). A total of 230 temporal bone HRCT cases were retrospectively investigated in the period spanning from 2011 to 2015. Three 64-slice units were used to examine patients with clinical complaints of hearing loss conditions at three Radiology departments in Khartoum, Sudan. For the control group (A) healthy subjects, the mean width of the right and left cochlear were 5.61±0.40 mm and 5.56±0.58 mm, the height were 3.56±0.36 mm and 3.54±0.36 mm, the basal turn width were 1.87±0.19 mm and 1.88 ±0.18 mm, the width of the cochlear nerve canal were 2.02±1.23 and 1.93±0.20, cochlear nerve density was 279.41±159.02 and 306.84±336.9 HU respectively. However, for the experimental group (B), the mean width of the right and left cochlear width were 5.38±0.46 mm and 5.34±0.30 mm, the height were 3.53±0.25 mm and 3.49±0.28mm, the basal turn width were 1.76±0.13 mm, and 1.79±0.13 mm, the width of the cochlear nerve canal were 1.75±0.18mm and 1.73±0.18mm, and cochlear nerve density were 232.84±316.82 and 196.58±230.05 HU, respectively. The study found there was a significant difference in cochlea’s measurement between the two groups with a p-value < 0.05. This study had established baseline measurements for the cochlear for the healthy Sudanese population. Furthermore, it found that HRCT of the temporal bone was the best for investigation of the cochlear and could provide a guide for the clinicians to manage congenital hearing loss.

scholarly journals Elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and its relation to the Eagle’s Syndrome: case report and biometrical assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e961998374
Author(s):  
Jaiurte Gomes Martins da Silva ◽  
Glícia Maria de Oliveira ◽  
Ewerton Fylipe de Araújo Silva ◽  
Adriane Barbosa Fernandes Silva ◽  
Edla Vitória Santos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Female Individual ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
The Right

The purpose of the present study was to report a case of an elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and present its biometrical values. The styloid processes of the skull from an 80-year-old Brazilian female individual were inspected and 10 measures were performed bilaterally. Despite small differences between the right and left styloid processes regarding the antero-posterior and lateral-medial widths on the three thirds measured, one must highlight the considerable differences showed on the total length of the styloid process (left side: 65.94; right side: 28.90) and on the length of the sheath of the styloid process, which was of 30.01mm on the left side and it was not acquired on the right side because of its small dimensions.  The paper discusses its findings from an anatomical and clinical perspectives, providing anatomical basis for a better understanding of the Eagle’s syndrome.

The efficiency of determining the chemical composition of lamb carcasses

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Kirton ◽  
R. A. Barton ◽  
A. L. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Components ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Percentage Composition ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Right ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Extract Protein

1. Twenty Southdown-Romney wether lamb carcasses of a mean hot carcass weight of 39·2 lb. (range 31·2–43·8 lb.) were frozen. Each frozen carcass was divided down the back-bone to give two sides and each side was divided into four parts: leg, loin, 9–10–11 rib cut, and fore. A method of obtaining samples from the parts and from the sides is described. The samples were analysed for water, fat (uncorrected), and residue (uncorrected). The dried residue was analysed to give an ash percentage and a Soxhlet correction factor so that total fat (ether-extract), protein (dried fat-free, ash-free residue), and ash were determined.2. The weights of the two sides of the twenty carcasses were similar, although the loins of the left sides were highly significantly heavier than those from the right sides and the right fores were highly significantly heavier than the left fores.3. The mean percentage composition of the two sides of the carcasses studied were similar. Likewise each of the four parts showed close similarity between sides except for the residue and protein percentage of the loin in which the left sides had significantly more protein percentage than the right sides. In all the uncorrected chemical components a significant side × carcass interaction was found.4. An analysis of the sampling errors showed that the variance of a treatment mean was decreased only slightly by increasing the number of samples per side or by sampling both sides instead of one. Any substantial increase in precision can be achieved only by increasing the number of carcasses per group.

scholarly journals Complete Ossification of the Stylohyoid Chain as Cause of Eagle's Syndrome: A Very Rare Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Sérgio Guimarães ◽  
Daniel Humberto Pozza ◽  
Idercy Cabral de Castro ◽  
Iván Claudio Suazo Galdames ◽  
Sandro Palla
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stylohyoid Chain

ABSTRACT Aim To report on a patient with Eagle's syndrome with a complete and very large ossification of the stylohyoid complex on the right side that to our best knowledge has never been published previously. Background Eagle's syndrome is characterized by a set of symptoms that are caused by the irritation of the neurovascular and soft-tissues caused by an elongated styloid process or ossification of stylohyoid ligament. Case description Because of the high discomfort and pain degree as well as limitations of mandibular and head mobility and also the thickness of the ossified stylohyoid chain, the patient was treated surgically by removing the hypertrophic segment. Conclusion These symptoms subsided completely after the surgical excision of the anomaly. The elongated styloid process on the left side was symptom free. Clinical significance Eagle's syndrome symptoms are not specific and can mimic those of other disorders, the syndrome must be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with pain in the orofacial, pharyngeal and cervical area. How to cite this article Guimarães AS, Pozza DH, de Castro IC, Galdames ICS, Palla S. Complete Ossification of the Stylohyoid Chain as Cause of Eagle's Syndrome: A Very Rare Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(4):500-505.

scholarly journals Improvement of methods of diagnosis the hypertrophy of the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylohyoid syndrome in an outpatient and polyclinic conditions using functional tests

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Pukhlik ◽  
Anatolii P. Shchelkunov ◽  
Oleksandr A. Shchelkunov
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ct Examination ◽  
Great Vessels ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain

The Eagle's syndrome is a disease is caused by irritation of the nervous, vascular and muscular structures the surround the subcutaneous process of the temporal bone. A syndrome manifested by chronic pain at the deep part of the lateral region of the face, which irradiates in to the root of the tongue, pharynx and ear, dysphagia, symptoms of disorders of the circulation of the brain. Symptoms of Eagle’s syndrome are founding various otolaryngological, dental, neurological diseases. Aim: due to the lack of information on the development and course of the stylohyoid syndrome, conservative treatment and the complexity of diagnosis, the anatomical features of the hypertrophied styloid process, their length and angles of deviation and the need for local impact on the process, the stylohyoid ligament and the neurovascular bundle, to varying degrees presenting to the styloid process, it becomes necessary to develop the most effective and simple method for diagnosis a hypertrophied styloid process and to optimize the need for CT examination with contrasting of the great vessels of the neck and performing functional tests. Materials and methods: Over the past 9 years, we examined and treated 184 patients. The appeals were random, with no specific focus. Of these, there were 133 women (72.3%), men – 51 (27.7%); age – from 25 to 70 years old: 25-30 years old – 15 people (8.1%), 30-45 years old – 116 (63%), 45-60 years old – 38 (20.6%), 60-70 years old – 15 (8.1%); the duration of the disease is from 1 to 10-15 years. Our work was aimed at improving and simplifying the diagnosis of the hypertrophied styloid process during the initial treatment of the patient in an outpatient and polyclinic conditions using functional tests, determining the need to refer patients to CT examination to visualize the relationship of the elongated styloid process with the main vessels of the neck, the possibility of pressure of the append age on the vessels and nerves of the neck, both at rest and in the movement of the head and neck, the development of impaired blood circulation in the brain due to impaired blood flow through the arteries and impaired out flow through the veins, and the development of corresponding symptoms in addition to those described in the literature. Due to the difficulty of diagnosing hypertrophy of the styloid process of the temporal bone in an outpatient and polyclinic conditions and the lack of awareness of practical otolaryngologists about this problem, we proposed a scheme for examining patients with suspicion of this problem.

scholarly journals BILATERAL OSSIFIED STYLOHYOID CHAIN - A CASE STUDY

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Shivarama C. H. ◽  
Bhat Shivarama ◽  
Radhakrishna Shetty K. ◽  
Vikram S. ◽  
Avadhani R.
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Inferior Surface ◽  
Stylomastoid Foramen ◽  
Stylohyoid Ligament ◽  
Stylohyoid Chain

AbstractThe styloid process is a slender bony projection that arises from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just beneath the external auditory meatus and closely related to the stylomastoid foramen. The normal length of SP in an adult is considered to be 20 to 30mm however, it is very variably developed, ranging in length from a few millimetres to a few centimetres.The styloid process is developed at the cranial end of cartilage in the second visceral or hyoid arch by two centers: a proximal, for the tympanohyal, appearing before birth; the other, for the distal stylohyal, after birth. But sometimes the stylohyoid chain may form, that extends between the temporal and hyoid bones which are divided into 4 sections: tympanohyal, stylohyal, ceratohyal and hypohyal. Cartilage that is embryo logically located at the stylohyoid ligament may undergo calcification of varying degrees, which causes variations. Ossified stylohyal ligament parts may merge or leave gaps in between. The anatomy of styloid process has immense embryological, clinical, surgical importance.

scholarly journals Features of CT scan for the diagnosis of hypertrophy of the styloid processes of the temporal bone and Eagle’s syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Pukhlik ◽  
Anatolii P. Shchelkunov ◽  
Oleksandr A. Shchelkunov
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Growth Options ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Great Vessels ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
Ct Data

Topicality: The Eagle's syndrome is a disease that is caused by irritation of the nervous, vascular and muscular structures that surround the subcutaneous process of the temporal bone. A syndrome manifested by chronic pain at the deep part of the lateral region of the face, which irradiates into the root of the tongue, pharynx and ear, dysphagia, symptoms of disorders of the circulation of the brain. Symptoms of Eagle’s syndrome are found in various otolaryngological, dental, neurological diseases. Purpose of the study: determine and evaluate the most significant and distinctive X-ray signs of hypertrophied styloid processes of the temporal bone; reveal differences in growth options and X-ray structure of the styloid processes of the temporal bone in accordance with histological data; eEvaluate the effect of conservative treatment of stylohyoid syndrome depending on different growth options for the styloid process of the temporal bone, according of the data of computed tomography. Materials and methods of research: at the process of our work based on diagnostics and treatment of stylohyoid syndrome, we analyzed 86 clinical cases: 61 women and 25 men. Patients age varies from 35 till 70 years. CT images with contrasting of the great vessels of the neck and functional tests. Based on the analysis, we developed a scheme for determining the variants of the styloid process growth, based on the CT data, in relation to the data of the histological examination of the styloid processes of the patients we operated on. Results: The analysis of CT images and histological studies allows us to divide the lengthening of the styloid processes of the temporal bone into two groups, which we give the name "ossification", that is, the actual growth of the styloid process and "calcification", that is, dystrophic changes and deposits of calcium salts in the ligament. Accordingly, we are developing approaches to conservative or to surgical treatment of this pathology, taking into account the CT data, depending on the growth options of the styloid process of the temporal bone.

scholarly journals Elongated styloid process - a cause for cervical pain

2014 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
S. Sumathi ◽  
T. Sivakami
Keyword(s):  
Close Relation ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Cervical Pain ◽  
Eagle’S Syndrome ◽  
Process Measures ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Elongated Styloid Process ◽  
Neurovascular Structures

AbstractThe normal length of the styloid process is 20-25 mms. A diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome is made when the styloid process measures more than 30 mms.The symptomatology associated with an elongated styloid process is called Eagle's syndrome. Abnormal elongation of styloid process causes compression of important neurovascular structures situated in close relation to it resulting in chronic neck pain, referred pain to the ear, jaw and orbit, and globus hystericus. We report here two cases of elongated styloid processes found during our routine osteology demonstrations. The etiopathogenesis and clinical implications of an elongated styloid process are discussed.

A New Landmark for Finding the Sigmoid Sinus in Suboccipital Craniotomies

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. ons1-ons6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Leopoldo Raso ◽  
Segastião Nataniel Silva Gusmão
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Sigmoid Sinus ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Suboccipital Craniotomy ◽  
Stylomastoid Foramen ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digital Caliper

Abstract BACKGROUND: The suboccipital craniotomy is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical approaches. OBJECTIVE: To define a new cranial landmark, the digastric point, located at the top of the mastoid notch in the mastoid portion of the temporal bone that may assist surgeons performing this craniotomy and to study the relationships between this point and other surface landmarks. METHODS: Craniometric measures were taken from 127 dry human adult skulls (90 male and 37 female). The measures were taken in millimeters by a digital caliper. Transillumination of the skull with laser or light-emitting diode was used to assess the correspondence of the digastric point in the inner surface of the skull. RESULTS: The mean distance between the digastric point and the sigmoid sulcus in 254 measures was 3.10 mm (SD, 3.11 mm). The digastric point was over the sulcus of the sigmoid sinus in 49.6% of the cases on the right side and in 29.9% of the cases on the left side. The distance between the jugular point and the stylomastoid foramen was smaller on the right side (mean, 8.89 mm; SD, 2.61 mm; P = .041). Comparing genders regardless of side, the distances between the digastric and jugular points and from the jugular point to the stylomastoid foramen were smaller in female skulls (P = .000 and .006, respectively). CONCLUSION: The digastric point may be a useful landmark to expose the sigmoid sinus during suboccipital approaches.

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