Effects of pre-treatment with extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vermonia amygdalina on proximate and organoleptic properties of processed Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
S.A. Ojukannaiye ◽  
L.A. Agbabiaka ◽  
I.I. Adedokun
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Fish Samples

The study evaluated nutritional and organoleptic properties of Clarias gariepinus pre-treated with aqueous leave extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina before processing. Thirty-six (36) C. gariepinus (live weight = 1.2± 0.2kg) samples were procured and processed for the study. Fish samples were divided into three parts of twelve fish each. Each part was grouped into three treatments having four fish in each group using a completely randomized design. Treatment one (T1) had fish immersed in 5% brine without herbal extract (control). In Treatment two (T2), fish were soaked in mixture of 5% brine and 5% O. gratissium (scent leaf) extracts while Treatment three (T3) had fish soaked in mixture of 5% brine and 5% V. amygdalina (bitter leaf) extracts all for 30 minutes. Treated fish samples were smoke-dried using charcoal kiln for 5 hours at temperature of 80 – 90° C. Samples were then cooled under ambient condition (30+3oC) for 4 hours. The smoke-dried fish samples were labeled according to treatments and stored for 7 days under aseptic condition. Organoleptic properties of the samples were conducted at every 24-hour of storage using a 9-point hedonic scale. Mean values of proximate composition of samples were significantly different (p<0.05). Protein content (70.01%) in T3 was higher than 68.31% and 66.62% in T2 and T1 respectively. Similarly, fat (5.12%) and ash (4.68%) levels for T3 were higher than 4.85% and 4.46% fat with 4.36% and 3.98% ash contents for T2 and T1 respectively. Results of mean scores for each organoleptic property decreased significantly (p<0.05) during storage period with no consistent trend in score pattern. Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, extract pretreatment, Ocimum gratissimum, organoleptic, Vernonia amygdalina.

Toxicity of aquaeous leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium on behaviourial and haematological characteristics of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
J.N. Nwakpa ◽  
E.E Oti ◽  
M.U. Agim
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Pack Cell Volume ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Gongronema Latifolium

A static bioassay experiment was set up to investigate effects of acute (96-hrLC50) concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium on behaviourial and haematological characteristics of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles. Evaluation of toxicity of leaf extracts at concentrations of: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100mg/l was done at various time intervals on the fish. A total of 180 catfish juveniles with average initial weight of 8.37±1.36g and total length of 12.10±2.45cm were used. The fish were distributed among the treatments on complete randomized design. Each treatment had three replicates. The results showed that aqueous leaf extracts were toxic to experimental fish. There was an observed erratic movement, colour change from black to ash-brown and dark coloured belly of treated fish. There were slight changes in water quality parameters, with no significant effect (p>0.05) on the tolerance level of fish on G. latifolium leaf extracts. Mean values of 96-hrLC50 were 90.14mg/l and 2.78mg/l for the upper and lower limits while the threshold value was 0.26mg/l. Phyto-chemical analysis of the leaves showed constituents of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthrocyanide, alkaloids and glycosides. Effects of aqueous extracts on haematological indices revealed increasing values of pack cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular heamoglobin and mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration counts with extract concentration. Thus, G. latifolium could be used as feed additive for improved fish production at concentration below 70%. Keywords: Gongronema latifolium, leaf extracts, behaviour, haematology, Clarias gariepinus

scholarly journals Comparative Profiling of Solvent-mediated Phytochemical Expressions in Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Tissues via FTIR Spectroscopy and Colorimetric Assays

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Josephine Oluwagbemisola Tella ◽  
Saheed Oluwasina Oseni
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Extraction Solvents ◽  
Colorimetric Assays

Objective: The beneficial role of extraction solvents is often ignored, yet very important in enhancing the therapeutic potential of plant extracts. This study was carried out to comparatively characterize and profile the bioactive phytochemical compounds expressed in different solvent-fractions of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts using both colorimetric phytochemical screening assays and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Methods: Qualitative colorimetric assays were carried out on different solvent-fractions of leaf tissue extracts from both plants to determine the comparative expression profiles of bioactive phytochemical compounds with medicinal importance such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and reducing sugars. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize, and profile the presence of these compounds based on functional groups such as alcohols (O-H), saturated hydrocarbons (C-H), aliphatic fluoro (C-F), bromo (C-Br) and chloro (C-Cl) compounds, organic sulfates (S=O), esters, ethers, carboxylic acids (C-O), aromatic amines, methane nitriles (C-N), ketones, aldehydes, quinones (C=O), sulfur compounds (C=S), primary and secondary amines (N-H) with bioactive properties in the different solvent-fractions. Results: Data were generated for methanol, n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and aqueous solvent-fractions of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts. We have generated solvent-mediated phytochemical expression profiles for leaf tissue extracts of both plants based on the phytochemistry of their secondary metabolites. The methanolic solvent-fraction expressed the most phytochemicals in both plants. Conclusion: This study has revitalized the importance of extraction solvents in optimizing phytochemical bioavailability in plant tissues. This may be responsible for variation in medicinal and biological activities reported in prior studies. 

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effects of Aqueous Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Vernonia amygdalina and Annona muricata on the Isolated Pathogenic Organism of Citrus Canker from Citrus sinensis (Sweet Orange)

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Eneh Frank Uchenna ◽  
Okeke Chidi Benjamin ◽  
Igbokwe Gabriel Ejike ◽  
Okpala Chukwuemeka Obumneme ◽  
Nwachukwu Godslove Pephel
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

The aqueous ethanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citrates and Annona muricata were screened for antibacterial activities at 200mg/ml concentration. Antibacterial efficacy of extracts against the bacteria were identified by gram staining techniques, coagulase and catalase tests and the bacterial isolate was indicated by the appearance of clear zones of inhibition around the disks. The extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum showed inhibitory activities against the bacterial isolate with zones of inhibition of 12mm and 8.5mm respectively while extracts of C.citratus and A.muricata showed no zone of inhibition. Result of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts compared effectively with the activity of standard fumigant with extract of V. amydalina showing the highest potency which was used in preparation of a local fumigant. The minimum inhibitory concentration of V.amygdalina and O.gratissimum were 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively which were not determined in C.citratus and A.muricata. In conclusion, the results of this investigation showed that the aqueous ethanolic leaf extracts of V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum can be used as an effective control measure for the elimination of citrus canker of Citrus sinensis.

scholarly journals Effect of Moringa leave Marinade on aflatoxin in fresh and smoked African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
E.O. Oni ◽  
M.C. Adetunji ◽  
D.D. John-Babatunde ◽  
A.M. Omemu
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
And Control

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Moringa leaves Marinade (MOM) on aflatoxin contamination of Clarias gariepinus. A total of thirty fresh fish samples (n = 30) grouped into four; Fresh fish without smoking and storage, smoked fish +1% and 2% Moringa oleifera Marinade (MOM) respectively and Control (0% MOM) were subjected to microbiological and HPLC analysis while storing for 0-3 months. Mean CFU/g of 2.8 and 3.1 x 102 CFU/g for bacteria and fungi were recovered, respectively. Furthermore, four bacteria and fungi genera each of which Aspergillus spp. was the most predominant (57%) were recovered from the fishes. Aflatoxin concentration increased progressively in 0% MOM smoked fish as the storage period increased, while aflatoxin concentration reduced in the fishes treated with 2% MOM (p≥0.05). On average, between 1-40% reduction in aflatoxin concentration and increased keeping quality was enhanced with 2% MOM treatment. These findings recommend the possibility of the use of moringa leaves in the treatment of commercially smoked fish.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the ameliorative roles of vitamins A, C and E on reduced glutathione in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings exposed to lead nitrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 058-070
Author(s):  
Samuel PO ◽  
Arimoro FO ◽  
Ayanwale AV ◽  
Mohammad HL
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Fish Samples

The ever-increasing anthropogenic activities all over the world that usually led to release of plethora of pollutants such as lead calls for concern. In the present study the effects of lead nitrate on the production of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) in C. gariepinus and how such effects can be ameliorated through administration of vitamins were investigated. C. gariepinus fingerlings (whose initial weight ranged from 3-11g) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Pb (00, 26mg/L, 44mg/L, 61mg/L and 79mg/L) with replicate in each case. 26mg/L each of the vitamins were administered across all bud. Fresh concentrations of both toxicant and vitamins were administered every 72 hours for a period of 12 weeks every time the water medium was changed. The various treatments group include Pb (Pb only), PbVA (Pb+vitamin A), PbVC ((Pb+vitamin C) and PbVE (Pb+vitamin E) with T1-T4 and replicates in each case. 3 samples of the fish were randomly selected and sacrificed from each aquarium tank every 2 weeks of the exposure period. The gills, kidneys and liver were excised from these specimens and homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer. These were then assayed for GSH productions levels in each case. The data generated were subjected to one way analysis of variance and considered significant at P≤0.05. From the results: In the Pb only group, the mean values of the GSH produced in the liver of the control samples were significantly higher than other treatments. The highest mean values of 82.04±0.13µg/ml, 30.84±0.10µg/ml and 31.30±0.10µg/ml were obtained in the liver, kidney and gills of the fish, respectively. In fish samples exposed to PbVA group, the highest mean values of 23.57±0.10µg/ml, 58.74±0.07µg/ml and 52.72±0.07µg/ml were obtained in the liver, kidney and gills, respectively. In C. gariepinus exposed to PbVC group, the highest mean values obtained in the liver, kidneys and gills were 25.79±0.07µg/ml, 28.40±0.13µg/ml and 37.55±0.03µg/ml, respectively. In PbVE group, the highest mean value of 57.21±0.03µg/ml, 83.51±0.07µg/ml and 63.29±0.07µg/ml were btained in the liver, kidneys and gills, respectively. The liver of the samples exposed to Pb only group displayed higher level of response to the toxicant with the highest GSH produced in the lowest concentration in comparison to other fish organs. In the PbVA group the response was more in the kidney in the highest concentration. There were general low levels of production in all organs of the fish in the PbVC group. The kidneys of the PbVE group exhibited the highest level of GSH production in comparison to other organs. The kidneys and liver of C. gariepinus in this research were fully engaged in mitigating the effects of the toxicant in the presence of the vitamins. Administration of higher concentrations of the vitamins could enhance better understanding of the ameliorative roles of the vitamins against the deleterious effects of the toxicant.

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