scholarly journals A retrospective study of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs in Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216
Author(s):  
E.A. Uwagie-Ero ◽  
C.N. Abiaezute
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
The Right

The study evaluated the prevalence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs in Delta State, Nigeria. For ten years, data of cases presented to Veterinary Clinics in five government clinics in Delta state were evaluated and analysed. The breed of dog, sex, age on presentation, the limb affected and the radiographic appearance of the lesions on presentation were reviewed. The treatment and clinical management approaches were also reviewed and discussed. Of the cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head recorded (N = 24) for the period under review, breed prevalence recorded 62.5% (Alsatians); 16.67% (Caucasians) and 20.83% (Mixed Breeds). Sex prevalence recorded 79.17% females and 20.83% males. According to age at the time of the first presentation, 83.83% of the affected dogs were 6-12month old, 12.5% were 13-24month old, and 4.16% were 25–36 month-old. Lameness was observed in 91.67%, while 8.33% of cases presented non-weight bearing lameness. Pain in the limbs during palpation of the hip joint was detected in 100% of the cases. Atrophy in the hind limb was identified in 41.66% of the patients, while 62.5% of the dogs showed different degrees of medial patellar luxation. In 91.6% of cases, the disease was unilateral, with 63.63% unilateral lesions in the right hind limb and 36.37% in the left hind limb. The study results showed a high prevalence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in large breeds of dogs in the Delta state. The management of the disease is mainly conservative with poor follow-up. Cost of surgery and management may discourage owners from follow up. However, surgery remains the gold stand of care for managing avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs.

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Dogs - Retrospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Borges Cardoso ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Hugo Salvador Oliveira ◽  
Alessandra Melchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Patient Consultation ◽  
The Moment

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed. Such group differed from that of a review involving 188 cases encompassing West Highland white terrier, Cairn terrier and poodle as the most commonly affected breeds. No sex predilection was found in a study comprising 188 cases, but in another study comprising 14 dogs, female predilection was observed. Likewise, the females represented 58.13% of cases in the present study; and 41.86% of the participants were male. The mean body mass of the dogs in the current study was 4.33 kg, which matches the small breed dogs, which are most affected by the disease. Clinical signs of non-weightbearing lameness or an intermittent subtle lameness are common in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Lameness of the affected hind limb was observed in 69.76% of the cases in the present study, but 2.32% showed no lameness. Occasionally, the avascular necrosis of the femoral head is bilaterally found in 12% to 16.5% of the cases. Only 3 out of the 43 cases assessed in the present study were bilateral. Since the lesions were more frequent in Grades 2 and 5, there is less chance of success through the conservative treatment. Thus, the femoral head and neck ostectomy was the surgical procedure performed in 42 hind limbs. The procedure is used to provide pain relief and to reduce the signs of lameness. In conclusion, the population assessed in the present study was composed of small size dogs, mean body mass 4.33 kg, no sex predilection, mostly presenting unilateral lesions and higher Grade 2 and Grade 5 radiographic lesion frequency.Keywords: radiographic, joint, canine, hip.

scholarly journals Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Dogs - Retrospective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Catarina Borges Cardoso ◽  
Sheila Canevesi Rahal ◽  
Maria Jaqueline Mamprim ◽  
Hugo Salvador Oliveira ◽  
Alessandra Merlchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Patient Consultation ◽  
The Moment

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed. Such group differed from that of a review involving 188 cases encompassing West Highland white terrier, Cairn terrier and poodle as the most commonly affected breeds. No sex predilection was found in a study comprising 188 cases, but in another study comprising 14 dogs, female predilection was observed. Likewise, the females represented 58.13% of cases in the present study; and 41.86% of the participants were male. The mean body mass of the dogs in the current study was 4.33 kg, which matches the small breed dogs, which are most affected by the disease. Clinical signs of non-weightbearing lameness or an intermittent subtle lameness are common in the avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Lameness of the affected hind limb was observed in 69.76% of the cases in the present study, but 2.32% showed no lameness. Occasionally, the avascular necrosis of the femoral head is bilaterally found in 12% to 16.5% of the cases. Only 3 out of the 43 cases assessed in the present study were bilateral. Since the lesions were more frequent in Grades 2 and 5, there is less chance of success through the conservative treatment. Thus, the femoral head and neck ostectomy was the surgical procedure performed in 42 hind limbs. The procedure is used to provide pain relief and to reduce the signs of lameness. In conclusion, the population assessed in the present study was composed of small size dogs, mean body mass 4.33 kg, no sex predilection, mostly presenting unilateral lesions and higher Grade 2 and Grade 5 radiographic lesion frequency.

Necrosis avascular

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Alejandro Jardón Gómez ◽  
Ana Cristina King ◽  
Carlos Pacheco Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Femoral Fracture ◽  
Open Fracture ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Femoral Fractures ◽  
Proximal Femoral Fracture ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Steroid Use

The clinical presentation of a proximal femoral fracture is completely different between young and adult patients. Unlike closed proximal femoral fractures, the incidence of exposed fractures is found in the young population between 15 and 30 years of age. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is one the complications we can find in this type of fractures. Avascular necrosis (AVN or osteonecrosis) is defined as the interruption of blood supply to the femoral head due to trauma, infectionalcohol or steroid use, resulting in bone necrosis, joint collapse and osteoarthrosis. The treatment will depend on the clinical presentation, age of the patient and when the diagnosis is made. This is a case report of a 16-year-old patient with a gunshot wound on the hip. Surgical cleansing and closed reduction plus internal fixation with a nail in the center of the spine were performed. A 3-year clinical and radiographic follow up was made, observing the evolution of the fracture and the subsequent avascular necrosis that the patient presented. Key words: Proximal femoral fracture; hip; avascular necrosis (AVN, osteonecrosis); open fracture; osteoarthritis.

AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE TRIQUETRUM: A CASE REPORT

Hand Surgery ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. POR ◽  
W. Y. CHEW ◽  
I. Y. Y. TSOU
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Total Ischemia ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

A case of total ischemia of the triquetrum after a crushing injury to the right wrist by a dumbbell is reported. He was treated conservatively with splinting and analgesia. There was complete clinical and radiological recovery after a follow-up of one year.

scholarly journals Corticosteroid induced avascular necrosis and COVID-19: The drug dilemma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1049-1052
Author(s):  
Indrajit Banerjee ◽  
Jared Robinson ◽  
Brijesh Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Steroid Therapy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Intraosseous Pressure ◽  
Femoral Head Osteonecrosis

The severe and life-threatening nature of the COVID-19 infection, the ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) as well as the cytokine storm induced by the infection, commands lifesaving high doses of steroid therapy. As in all pharmacological therapies adverse effects are present. One such adverse effect which is being reported is corticosteroid induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head/ osteonecrosis of the femoral head. It must be noted that AVN principally affects the femoral head and most commonly the anterolateral aspect thereof as it is the crux of weight bearing.  Corticosteroids induce fat mobilization and this thus innately enhances the likelihood of fat emboli developing from the liver to occlude minor blood vessels in the femur, this thereby compromises the microvascular environment. Superadded to this the steroid therapy disrupts calcium metabolism and homeostasis which induces hypertrophy in the intramedullary fat cells, Gaucher cells and inflammatory cells; whilst increasing the activity of osteoclasts, thus increasing bone resorption and decreasing calcium uptake and deposition; ultimately leading to an insufficiency in the trabecular and cortical bone. This insufficiency thus equates to an increased intraosseous pressure which impedes intramedullary circulation and results in avascular necrosis.  It is evident that avascular necrosis is directly caused by high dose steroid therapy, however the case reports have very clearly indicated that the rapid onset of AVN post recovery from the COVID-19 infection cannot be solely attributed to steroid therapy and that another benefactor induced by the COVID-19 infection is at play. It is thus vital for treating physicians to take cognisance of this adverse effect post recovery and therefore should ensure that prophylactic bisphosphonate therapy is initiated timeously and congruently.

scholarly journals Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of 3D Printed Total Talus Arthroplasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0037
Author(s):  
Daniel Scott ◽  
John Steele ◽  
Amanda Fletcher ◽  
Selene Parekh
Keyword(s):  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ankle Motion ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Radiographic Outcomes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Vas Scores

Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis, Hindfoot, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Patients with talar avascular necrosis have limited treatment options to manage their symptoms. Historically, surgical options have been limited and can leave patients with little ankle motion and have high failure rates. The use of custom 3D printed total talar replacements (TTR) has arisen as a treatment option for these patients, possibly allowing for better preservation of hind-foot motion. Patients undergoing TTR will demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in FAOS scores at one year after surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 15 patients who underwent a TTR over 2 years. Patient outcomes were reviewed including age, sex, comorbidities, etiology of talar pathology, number and type of prior surgeries, pre-operative and post-operative weight bearing radiographs, as well as FAOS and VAS scores, and range of motion. Data analysis performed with student T-test and multivariate regression. Results: Results: FAOS scores showed statistically significant improvements post-operatively as compared to pre-operative scores. There was a statistically significant decrease in VAS pain scores from 7.0 pre-operatively to 3.4 post operatively. There was no significant difference in pre-operative and post-operative coronal and sagittal alignment on weight bearing radiographs. All FAOS sub-score shows statistically significant improvements, with the exception of the sports/recreation sub-scale, did show a trend towards improved outcomes (p =0.19). Average follow-up was 12.8 months. Conclusion: Our hypothesis was confirmed that these patients show statistically significant improvements in AOFS and VAS scores at 1 year. Sagittal and coronal alignment was well maintained at an average of 1 year following surgery. TTR represents an exciting treatment options for patients with talar avascular necrosis, though longer-term follow-up is needed.

A Combined Intracapsular and Extracapsular Fracture of the Hip

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
S. Shabat ◽  
G. Mann ◽  
V. Barchilon ◽  
B. Kish ◽  
B. Fredman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Extracapsular Fracture

We report a case of an unusual hip fracture that involved the intracapsular area and continued vertically to the extracapsular region below the trochanteric line. The division between these two types of fractures is based on the anatomical site, the blood supply and the mechanical forces that act on the hip. This division is important and influences the different surgical techniques to treat these individual fractures. Femoral neck fractures (intracapsular), particularly those with displacement, can disrupt the blood supply to the femoral head and may be associated with an increased incidence of complications, especially non-union and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. These fractures are usually treated either by reduction and fixation, or by hemiarthroplasty. Non-union and avascular necrosis following extracapsular fractures are rare. Treatment involves reduction of the fracture and insertion of a dynamic hip screw. The combination of these two types of fractures is extremely rare and creates a surgical problem without any optimal solution. The focus of this case report is placed on the mechanical axis and weight-bearing forces that play a role in the hip and on the optional surgical techniques in such a rare type of fracture in an elderly osteoporotic patient.

scholarly journals Endoprosthesis for Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head. A Follow-up Study of More than Five Years Post-Operatively.

1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 904-906
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Baba ◽  
Katsuro Iwasaki ◽  
Junji Oda ◽  
Katsuro Takahashi ◽  
Kitau Teshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Follow Up Study

scholarly journals Effect of Autologous Platelet Rich Fibrin on the Healing of Experimental Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee in an Animal Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davoud Kazemi ◽  
Ashraf Fakhrjou ◽  
Vahid Mirzazadeh Dizaji ◽  
Majid Khanzadeh Alishahi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Cartilage Lesions ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Autologous Platelet

The effect of autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF), a second generation platelet product, on the healing of experimental articular cartilage lesions was evaluated in an animal model. Full thickness cartilage lesions with a diameter of 6 mm and depth of 5 mm were created in the weight bearing area of femoral condyles of both hind limbs in 12 adult mixed breed dogs. Defects in the left hind limb of each dog were repaired by PRF implantation whereas those in the right hind limb were left empty. The animals were euthanized at 4, 16, and 24 weeks following surgery and the resultant repair tissue was investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The results of macroscopic and histological evaluations indicated that there were significant differences between the PRF treated and untreated defects. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the use of platelet rich fibrin as a source of autologous growth factors leads to improvement in articular cartilage repair.

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