NORTHEAST MILKING EQUIPMENT STANDARDS1

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Sidney E. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Dairy Farmer ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Market Requirements ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Vacuum Systems ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Design Construction

Minimum standards for milking equipment have been prepared for the northeastern United States. The purpose of these standards is to act as guidelines for the manufacturer, installer, dairy farmer and industry and regulatory sanitarian. The objectives are to eliminate duplication of farm inspections as a result of common market requirements and to have good quality and flavor by having well designed equipment, properly installed, properly operated and cleaned after each use. A committee of 50 persons representing industry, regulatory and university interests developed “Minimum Standards for the Design, Construction and Installation of Milking and Milk Handling Equipment.” Major areas of concern were the design and construction of equipment which was cleanable in the hands of the average dairy farmer and did not contribute to flavor or quality problems. Specific recommendations concern the installation of vacuum systems and pipeline milkers. A table of minimum vacuum pump capacities for conventional systems and a general rule of a 50% reserve for pipeline milker vacuum systems are included. Tips for installation include support, slope and diameter of vacuum lines and sanitary milk lines. Recommendations also concern filtration, cleaning and operation with the manufacturer being responsible for written as well as on the farm instruction for the dairy farmer. Service checks by an authorized milking machine dealer are suggested annually on conventional systems and semi-annually on pipeline systems. These standards should help to assure good flavor and quality in milk as well as establish common requirements for various milk markets. Hopefully, quality standards covering flavor, bacteriological quality, sediment and leucocyte levels may be agreed upon in the near future.

scholarly journals Hemi- and Homonyms in the Big Data Era

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Jorge Rubén Sánchez-González
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Data Science ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Species List ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Independence Principle ◽  
Near Future

The issue of hemi- and homonyms is an unsolved topic in the Big Data era, where informatics and technicians, rather than biologists or taxonomists, analyze huge datasets. Nowadays, taxonomic nomenclature is ruled by four independent international codes, and according to them, the existence of hemihomonyms and homonyms is accepted under some conditions as an exception to the general rule. This situation entails confusion, disagreements, and a plethora of problems whose consequences could worsen in the near future within the framework of the big data era. Moreover, the increasing use of big databases and analyses, data science, bioinformatics, biological monitoring, and bioassessment has shown such exceptions to be inconvenient, since these exceptions to homonyms are considered as duplicates by databases and statistical software, which are handled by non-taxonomist experts. International Codes of Nomenclature must change within the new context of big data analysis. This work aims to propose the elimination of any exception to the presence of homonyms and to evaluate whether the Independence Principle makes sense within this new context. Increasing coordination between several independent nomenclatural systems is essential and, perhaps, we must conduct our efforts towards a universal species list, finishing with the historical schism between Codes.

Relative motivations of dairy cows to attend a voluntary automatic milking system

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
N. B. Prescott ◽  
T. T. Mottram ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Automatic Milking System ◽  
Automatic Milking ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Conventional Systems

Voluntary automatic milking is proposed as a system whereby dairy cows can choose to be milked when they want. The aim is to develop a system that can milk and perform all the associated tasks without requiring routine human intervention. (Details of the design and operation can be found in Street et al., 1992.) The system may not be viable unless the cows visit at an appropriate frequency, high enough to generate the 0·10 to 0·15 proportional increase of milk yield from cows milked three or more times per day (e.g. Knight and Wilde, 1993) but not so high as to result in some cows over-using the system. Understanding why cows may want to visit the system is therefore important. The two most important reasons why a cow may attend are likely to be motivation to be milked and motivation to eat. Motivation to be milked may change as lactation progresses. Late lactation cows have been shown to enter a milking parlour later than high yielding cows in one experiment (Rathore, 1982) but not in another (Winter, 1993). Rathore (1982) suggested that motivation to be milked may be generated by the discomfort of a large and distended udder. Motivation to be milked may also be linked to some inherent desire of the cow to suckle and subsequently wean her calf. This may be independent of the amount of milk in her udder and decline during lactation. Therefore motivation to be milked could be generated either from the discomfort of a large and distended udder or by some psychological desire by the cow to suckle a calf generalized to a milking machine. Either way, the strength of motivation to be milked may have implications for how an automatic milking system (AMS) is designed. For example, if cows were highly motivated to be milked and attended at an appropriate frequency, there would be no requirement to provide additional incentives, such as food, to attract cows into the AMS. In addition, if cows choose to be milked more frequently than they are milked in conventional systems (generally twice per day), then this may be a method by which choices can be engineered into an animal’s environment.

Trouble Shooting A Mastitis Problem

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
SIDNEY H. BEALE
Keyword(s):  
Team Approach ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Trouble Shooting ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Infectious Mastitis

Mastitis is a very costly problem causing the farmer financial loss because of: milk lost through decreased production, discarded milk, medicine cost, animals culled from the herd, and veterinarian fees. Mastitis is a luxury the farmer cannot afford, yet there are many that feel it is something they must live with. There are three areas of concern when confronted with a mastitis problem: (a) management of the herd, (b) adequate milking system, properly installed, and (c) sub-clinical or infectious mastitis. To be successful in correcting a mastitis problem requires use of all resources. A team approach is used and the team consists of the dairy plant fieldman and laboratory, milking machine serviceman, area extension dairy specialist, veterinarian and the farmer who desires to correct the problem. Every person on this team has an important part to play in solving the problem. The result of solving the problem is a financial gain for the farmer.

scholarly journals Water condensation system based on thermoelectric coller using solar energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
A.N. Abirami ◽  
C.R. Balamurugan ◽  
D. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Power Semiconductor ◽  
Water Condensation ◽  
Power Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Peltier Device ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Near Future

<p><span>The main objective of the paper is to develop a water condensation system based on thermoelectric cooler using solar Energy to convert atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. This idea can be extended further in future – For large scale implementation, RO and UV water filter can be used for producing such water that meets the standard of WHO and BIS easily. Peltier device has many types of models which are much efficient than TEC1. Those can be used. As the paper aims at producing water from atmosphere and keeping this device handy, large sized scrubbers are not used for better air filtration. Scrubbers can remove all the oxides from the air. For large implementation it can be handled. The concept of this paper can also be used as a better alternative in refrigeration science against conventional systems. It can also be observed in this way i.e. the usage of such low power semiconductor devices are indicating towards more prominent evolution of cooling engineering that is going to alter the whole scenario and myths about the power consumption of refrigeration science. Thus in near future we will be able to use such devices that are now limited within the paper.</span></p>

Reduced manning with improved safety and reliability: how classification societies and digital solutions can support operators

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Mark Tipping
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Offshore Industry ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Design Construction

The oil and gas industry is moving steadily towards automation and remote control of processes, which has the added advantage of removing personnel from the immediate danger of the offshore workplace. However, significant challenges remain to be met before the more complex type of offshore facility (especially floating facilities) can be operated fully unmanned, particularly when it comes to maintenance and repair campaigns. In particular, even though human life may be protected, the consequence of a major pollution incident occurring as a result of lack of sufficient manned surveillance is increasingly unacceptable in today’s society, and solutions have to protect these requirements as well. With today’s technologies and the pace of innovation, it is not difficult to envisage facilities in the near future where manned intervention is reduced to a far lower level than currently prevalent, perhaps even eliminated as robotics steadily advance. We can already begin to consider design features and systems that will make new facilities ready for such advances so that projects can absorb benefits from innovation as it occurs. The role of independent bodies such as the classification societies is to assess the design, construction and operation of offshore facilities and issue certification that gives regulators, financiers and insurers alike the confidence to support developments. For floating facilities this includes formal classification and a requirement for detailed knowledge of the state of the structure. This paper explores the methods that the classification society can use to support the aims of the offshore industry for reduced manning with improved safety and reliability.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis of Residential Underdrain Design Methodologies, Performance, and Failures

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Nelson ◽  
Edward Fronapfel
Keyword(s):  
Common Interest ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Homeowners Association ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Clear Information ◽  
Design Construction

In 2014, the basement of a single-family home in a residential subdivision flooded. The homeowner’s insurance company engaged an engineer to conduct forensic investigations, which ultimately determined that the resultant flooding was caused by blockage of an underdrain system to which the home was connected. This system included a main line in the street and a lateral that connected the underdrain to the home’s foundation drain. Subsequent to this event, other homes in the subdivision reported flooding in the basements and crawlspaces. The author was engaged by the subdivision homeowners association (Common Interest Ownership Community or CIOC). The CIOC’s declarations and recorded documents contained no information regarding the existence of the underdrain system. In addition, there was no clear information about the ownership or maintenance responsibility. The author’s field investigations determined the underdrain was not constructed to the applicable minimum standards, and the developer did not provide adequate flow capacity for the number of homes served by the underdrain. The CIOC entered into litigation against the developer, and the author evaluated issues associated with the design, construction, transition, and maintenance of the underdrain system.

scholarly journals THE ESTIMATION OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY OF THE VACUUM SYSTEM OF A PORTABLE MILKING MACHINE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas ČĖSNA ◽  
Oleksandr MEDVEDSKYI ◽  
Gennadii GOLUB ◽  
Saveliy KUKHARETS
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Technological Efficiency ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Vacuum Systems ◽  
The Impact

When designing the structural and functional schemes of the vacuum systems of a portable milking machine it is important to conduct a research on the impact on the milking machine efficiency. The technological efficiency and the regime of a vacuum system functioning are the basis of the research. The unstable pressure may cause the decrease in animals productivity and may have negative impact on cows welfare. That is why it is necessary to determine some rational parameters and choose the linking vacuum system decisions. It will result in getting stable working regimes of a portable milking machine. A research on the effects of different components variants as well as of vacuum system parameters on the consistency of operation has been conducted. The results of the research made it possible to estimate the impact of vacuum pump fast reaction as well as the vacuum system parameters on the job stability. It has been proved that the vacuum system efficiency is determined by the level of its conductivity. The conductivity is the inverse value to the vacuum system resistance. The research has determined how the vacuum system packaging affects the pressure loses. A mathematic model which enables to find the rational volume of a vacuum tank and determine the vacuum system conductivity has been received. On the results of the experimental research the vacuum system rational structure has been substantiated and estimated on a special efficiency coefficient.

Pneumatically Agitated Bioreactors in Industrial and Environmental Bioprocessing: Hydrodynamics, Hydraulics, and Transport Phenomena

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Chisti
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Stirred Vessels ◽  
Airlift Bioreactors ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Sterile Processing ◽  
Solid Liquid

Major aspects of design and operation of pneumatically agitated bioreactors are reviewed. The focus is on considerations that are relevant to industrial practice. Airlift bioreactors are emphasized. The treatment covers hydraulics, hydrodynamics, gas-liquid and solid-liquid mass transfer, heat transfer, mixing, and suspension. Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems are discussed. Applications in microbial fermentations, animal and plant cell culture, biotransformations with immobilized enzymes, and treatment of wastewater are outlined. Comparisons with more conventional bioreactor technologies are made. Design features for sterile processing in airlift systems are detailed. The evidence for superior performance of airlift bioreactors is overwhelming. Excellent productivities have been demonstrated with yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungi. Processes that produce highly viscous broths, including several biopolymer producing fermentations, have been proven in airlift devices. Similarly, many hybridoma cultures and plant cell suspensions have given good results. As a general rule, volumetric productivity of airlift bioreactors equals or betters that of conventional stirred tanks. Typically, this level of performance is achieved at substantially lower power input than in stirred vessels. Furthermore, the probability of mechanical failure and likelihood of loss of sterility are lower with airlift bioreactors. In wastewater treatment, too, airlift devices have far outperformed conventional systems. Airlift bioreactors accept higher BOD loadings, produce less sludge, and the degradation rate is faster; performance improves with increasing scale of operation. This review article includes 328 references.

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