THE PROBLEM OF RODENTS IN OUR MODERN ENVIRONMENT1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
L. A. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Recent Origin

Although two species of rats have become thoroughly domesticated and have lived parasitically in man's environment for several centuries, organized urban rat control programs are of comparatively recent origin. A brief history of commensal rats and their relationship to man is presented. Some early urban control programs are summarized. Recent social developments in cities have focused attention on rat control programs and have intensified efforts to free urban areas of rats, particularly in proverty-stricken neighborhoods. An effective community rat control program depends upon motivation and education of citizens as well as enforcement of wisely written rat control ordinances and related solid waste disposal rules. A good rat control ordinance should require rat-proofing of buildings, elimination of rat harborages and sources of food for rats, as well as rat extermination on all premises. For the future, not only will more sophisticated means of citizen motivation be needed, but further studies of the role of sewers and other heretofore neglected areas of rat control in the urban environment.

Solid waste disposal in urban areas and health - the case of Belo Horizonte, Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Heller ◽  
Cícero Antonio Antunes Catapreta
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Belo Horizonte

scholarly journals Efficacious Waste Organisation in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Bauchi City

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
Michael C.O. Ajufoh ◽  
Murtala A. Babaji
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Waste Management Practices

Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics, amenity and the environment and also to recover resources. Waste management can involve solid liquid or gaseous substances with different methods and fields of emphasis for each. Waste management practices differ for developed, developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial production. This paper tries to deal with illegal and unplanned solid waste disposal; it also attempts to proffer solutions to the problem of improper waste disposal through incineration and recycling of metals, cellophane and Teflon and how Bauchi state can generate some revenue through the recycling of these waste materials. The paper also tries to educate on the problems associated with landfills while dealing briefly, on the advantages of biological processing and also how waste can be avoided and reduced. The paper also tries to present waste management concepts in relation to Bauchi city.

scholarly journals Landslide hazard and land management in high-density urban areas of Campania region, Italy

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Di Martire ◽  
M. De Rosa ◽  
V. Pesce ◽  
M. A. Santangelo ◽  
D. Calcaterra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Slope Instabilities ◽  
The City ◽  
Structural Solutions ◽  
Island Of Ischia

Abstract. Results deriving from a research focused on the interplay between landslides and urban development are presented here, with reference to two densely populated settings located in the Campania region, Italy: the city of Naples and the island of Ischia. Both areas suffer adverse consequences from various types of landslides since at least 2000 yr. Our study evidences that, despite the long history of slope instabilities, the urban evolution, often illegal, disregarded the high landslide propensity of the hillsides; thus, unsafe lands have been occupied, even in recent years, when proper and strict rules have been enacted to downgrade the landslide risk. It is finally argued that future guidelines should not be entirely based upon physical countermeasures against mass movements. On the contrary, national and local authorities should enforce the territorial control, obliging citizens to respect the existing regulations and emphasizing the role of alternative, non-structural solutions.

scholarly journals Do socioeconomic factors influence households’ solid waste disposal systems? Evidence from Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Adzawla ◽  
Adam Tahidu ◽  
Salisu Mustapha ◽  
Shaibu B. Azumah
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Open Dumping ◽  
District Assemblies

Solid waste management remains a major challenge in Ghana, especially in the peri-urban and urban areas. The implications from this bottleneck are widely acknowledged. Nonetheless, fundamental issues such as the factors that drive households into the adoption of a particular solid waste disposal system have not been explored. This study applied a multinomial logit approach using 16,767 households in the Ghana Living Standard Survey round six data to examine whether or not socioeconomic factors influence households’ decision to adopt a particular solid waste disposal system. The results established that a number of the hypothesised socioeconomic factors drive households into the use of a particular solid waste disposal system. For instance, education of households on solid waste management is important to increase households’ decision into collecting wastes other than open dumping or burning. The characteristics of houses and the location of households also influence waste disposal systems in Ghana. We conclude that solid waste disposal at unapproved places was largely influenced by socioeconomic characteristics other than income or welfare of households. We recommend continuous advocacy programmes on improved solid waste management systems, led by the various decentralised governance structures such as the District Assemblies, to curb the menace.

scholarly journals Determinants of Diarrheal Diseases among Under Five Children in Jimma Geneti District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2020: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejene Mosisa ◽  
Mecha Aboma ◽  
Teka Girma ◽  
Abera Shibru
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Globally, in 2017, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal diseases and it is the second most important cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Sanitary conditions, Poor housing, unhygienic environment, inadequate safe water supply, cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and lack of storage facilities for food combining with socio-economic and behavioral factors are the common determinates of diarrhea diseases and had a large impact on diarrhea incidence in most of the developing countries Methods: A Community-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted on 407 systematically sampled under-five children of Jimma Geneti District (135 with diarrhea and 272 without diarrhea) from May 01 to 30, 2020. Data was collected using an interview administered questionnaire and observational checklist adapted from the WHO/UNICEF core questionnaire and other related literature. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were done by using SPSS version 20.0 Result: Socio-demographic determinants such as being a child of 12-23 months age (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.68-6.46) and parents/legal guardian’s history of diarrheal diseases (AOR 7.38, 95% CI 3.12-17.44) were significantly associated with diarrheal diseases among under-five children. Environmental and Behavioral factors such as unavailability of handwashing facility nearby latrine (AOR 5.22, 95% CI 3.94-26.49), lack of hand-washing practice at critical times (AOR 10.6, 95% CI 3.74-29.81), improper domestic solid waste disposal practice (AOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.39-5.18) and not vaccinated against rotavirus (AOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.25-4.81) were found important determinants of diarrheal diseases among under-five children. Conclusion: Unavailability of hand-washing facility nearby latrine, parent’s/legal guardian’s history of last two weeks diarrheal diseases, improper latrine utilization, lack of hand-washing practice at critical times, improper solid waste disposal practices, and rotavirus vaccination status were the determinants of diarrheal diseases among under-five children identified in this study. Thus, promoting households through the provision of continuous and modified health information on the importance of sanitation, personal hygiene as well as vaccination against rotavirus, which is fundamental to decrease the burden of diarrheal disease among under-five children.

scholarly journals The origins of owld in Scots

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-589
Author(s):  
WARREN MAGUIRE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Endogenous Development ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Historical Phonology ◽  
Far North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Usual Development

The usual development of OE [ɑld] in words such as old in Scots is to auld, reflecting the development of this sequence in northern dialects more generally. But in some Scots dialects other pronunciations of these words, reminiscent of dialects of English south of the Ribble–Humber Line, are found. These forms, of the type owld, are found across Lowland Scotland, with particular concentrations in the far north and southwest. Origins in Irish English and English in England have been suggested for this feature of Scots but these hypotheses have not been explored. Aitken & Macafee (2002: 61–2) instead argue for an endogenous origin of both auld and owld, but this proposed double endogenous development of OE [ɑld] is problematic in a number of ways. In this article, I examine the history of these developments in Scots in comparison to their development in dialects of English in England and Ireland. The lack of evidence for the owld development in Older Scots suggests that these forms are of relatively recent origin. Crucially, the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP) reveals that the owld pronunciations were in fact a feature of early forms of Standard English. Furthermore, several characteristic features of Irish English have spread into southwest Scotland, and the distribution of owld forms in the area fits this pattern. Thus Scots forms such as owld are not the result of endogenous development, but have their origin in English, in the case of southwest Scotland at least in part from Irish English, and elsewhere in Scotland from early forms of Standard English. These owld forms have been ‘localised’ and reinterpreted as ‘Scots’, alongside or replacing original auld. The analysis of the origins of this feature highlights not only the role of contact with varieties of English in the development of Scots, but also the importance of sources such as the ECEP database for understanding the historical phonology of Scots and English.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Identification of Its Risk Factors in South Western of Iran in 2019-2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Beiranvand ◽  
Zaher Khazaei ◽  
Maryam Parsanahad ◽  
Zahra Hamule ◽  
Susan Mohamadi Hossein Abadi5 ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Elective Abortion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major cause of burden of diseases in women within the first 4 weeks of delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the role of various factors in PPD in the northern and northeastern regions of Khuzestan province. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was undertaken as the first phase of a case-control study on 1424 mothers in the first 24 to 48 hours after childbirth between January 2019 and January 2020. The data collected covered three areas: baseline characteristics, medical history, and PPD. The latter was measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale with a cut-off point of equal to or greater than 12. The collected data were analyzed using Stata-16 software and simple and multiple Logistic Regression models. Results: The prevalence of PPD was estimated at 26.6% in the study sample. In the multiple model, the History of elective abortion (OR= 2.26, 95%CI=1.19, 4.27), delivery in the summer (OR= 2.11,95%CI=1.39, 3.20), birth defect (OR= 2.09, 95%CI=1.10, 3.94), the history of infertility treatment (OR= 0.33, 95CI=0.18, 0.61) and living in urban areas (OR= 0.52, 95%CI=0.39, 0.70), had relationship with the chance of developing PPD. Conclusion: The results of this study, which sought to identify factors reinforcing and preventing PPD, can be used to identify mothers at risk for PPD. Moreover, it can help make appropriate interventions, including psychological and emotional support of mother during and even before pregnancy to alleviate PPD.

On the Transnational Destruction of Cities: What Japan and the United States Learned from the Bombing of Britain and Germany in the Second World War*

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Garon
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Home Front ◽  
World War ◽  
Total War ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Abstract How did it become ‘normal’ to bomb civilians? Focusing on the aerial bombardment of China, Germany, Britain, and Japan in 1937-45, this essay spotlights the role of transnational learning in the construction and destruction of ‘home fronts’. Belligerents vigorously studied each other's strategies to destroy the enemy's cities and ‘morale’, while investigating efforts to defend one's own home front by means of ‘civilian defence’. The inclusion of Japan, as bomber and bombed, contributes to a more global, connected history of the Second World War. Japan's sustained bombardment of Chinese cities not only reflected emerging transnational ideas of strategic bombing and total war, but also imparted new ‘lessons’ to Western air forces. Moreover, the devastating US firebombing of Japanese cities in 1945 challenges widely accepted judgments that bombing was generally ineffective, serving only to stiffen civilian morale. Why Japanese cities were bombed, and how they were bombed, was not an exceptional story, but was intimately connected to what the Allies had learned from bombing European urban areas.

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