Presence and Distribution of Salmonella Species in some Local Foods from Baghdad City, Iraq

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 877-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
NASSIR AL-HINDAWI ◽  
RIHAB RISHED
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Local Foods ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
First Time ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg

A total of 353 local food samples were cultured for Salmonella species using mannitol broth and two selective enrichment media, tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth and selenite cystine broth. Fifteen Salmonella species and serotypes were isolated: Salmonella paratyphi B. Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella 4,5,12:-:-. Salmonella muenchen, Salmonella senftenberg, Salmonella lille, Salmonella alachua, Salmonella 6,7:-:-. Salmonella anatum, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella havana, Salmonella eppendorf, Salmonella emek, Salmonella california, and Salmonella 1.3.19:-:-. Salmonella was recovered from 27% of food samples examined. The occurrence of some species was as high as 11% of the samples. S. lille and S. alachua were isolated and are reported for the first time in Iraq. Seventy food samples (19.8%) harbored one type of Salmonella. 11 (5.9%) harbored two types and four (1.1%) harbored three types. Isolation of Salmonella from foods is affected by types of enrichment media. Tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth was superior to selenite cystine for Salmonella recovery from most foods. Some species prefer certain enrichment media for growth and multiplication. Use of more than one type of selective medium increases the chance of isolation of more Salmonella species and serotypes.

Preenrichment Conditions for Effective Recovery of Salmonella in Foods and Feed Ingredients

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. D'AOUST ◽  
C. MAISHMENT
Keyword(s):  
Brilliant Green ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
The Cost

The efficacy of Clausen, EE, Eugon, GN, Tergitol 7, lactose and nutrient broths as Salmonella preenrichment media was evaluated using 165 food samples with an incident contamination level ranging from 1.5 to 460 salmonellae/100 g. Replicate food samples (100 g) were preenriched in each of seven media (900 ml) for 6 h and 24 h at 35 C; various amounts (10, 1.0 and 0.1 ml) of preenriched cultures were selectively enriched in tetrathionate brilliant green (43 C) and selenite cystine (35 C) broths and plated on bismuth sulfite and brilliant green sulfa agars. Short (6 h) and 24-h preenrichment conditions resulted in 26 (16%) and 8 (5%) false negative results, respectively. Recovery of Salmonella from 6-h but not 24-h preenrichment cultures also varied directly with the portion of culture inoculated into selective enrichment broths. None of the preenrichment media tested performed satisfactorily at 6 h of incubation where levels of recovery ranged from 32 to 62%; at 24 h, good recovery was obtained with all media (95 to 100%) except EE broth (74%). The incidence of competitive flora was significantly higher on selenite + brilliant green sulfa than on tetrathionate + bismuth sulfite; transfer volumes (10 and 1.0 ml) and preenrichment media did not contribute significantly to the presence of non-salmonellae on plating media. Characteristics of preenrichment media were found to be less critical than preenrichment incubation time for effective recovery of Salmonella in foods and feed ingredients. The use of 1.0- rather than 10-ml preenrichment transfer volume is indicated because it proved to be completely reliable under our experimental conditions and reduced the cost of analyses.

Surfactants for the Effective Recovery of Salmonella in Fatty Foods

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Y. D'AOUST ◽  
C. MAISHMENT ◽  
P. STOTLAND ◽  
A. BOVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Nutrient Broth ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Tween 60

Inhibitory concentrations of 8 surfactants were determined for Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. Pure culture work resulted in the exclusion of Tween 20, Teepol 610 and Brij 35 and retention of Tergitol-7 (T-7), Tween 80 (TW 80), Triton X-100 (TX), Myrj 52S (M), and Arlacel 80 + Tween 60 (AT) for a study on the quantitative recovery of Salmonella in 45 naturally contaminated fatty foods. Replicate food samples (100 g) were preenriched overnight at 35 C in nutrient broth supplemented with 3%(w/v) surfactant except AT (10%). Serial dilutions of preenrichment cultures were selectively enriched overnight in tetrathionate brilliant green (43 C) and selenite cystine (35 C) broths and streaked on bismuth sulfite and brilliant green sulfa agar media. Recovery with all test surfactants was comparable to that obtained with nutrient broth controls; of 270 preenrichment cultures tested, only 7 false-negative results attributable to TX (3), AT (2), M (1), and nutrient broth control (1) were obtained. None of the surfactants consistently yielded greater populations of Salmonella for given foods or food categories; median counts for preenrichment cultures were 104–105 salmonellae/ml for low and high moisture foods and 106–107 salmonellae/ml for animal feeds. These results suggest that use of surfactants to facilitate detection of Salmonella in fatty foods is not warranted.

Prevalence of Salmonella Serovars in Chickens in Turkey

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1832-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. TAYFUN CARLI ◽  
AYSEGUL EYIGOR ◽  
VILDAN CANER
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Improvement Plan ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
Selective Differentiation ◽  
First Time

In this study, 151 (18.6%) of 814 ceca obtained during in-line processing of 28 broiler (Hybro G, Avian, Arbor acres, and Cobb breeds) and 5 layer (Ross, Tetra SL, Isa Brown, and Brown Nick breeds) flocks in Turkey were found to be contaminated with four different Salmonella serovars. Only Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) was recovered from layer birds, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (81.5%), Salmonella Agona (7.6%), Salmonella Thompson (10.1%), and Salmonella Sarajane (0.8%) were isolated from broiler birds. Isolations of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Thompson from poultry are reported for the first time in Turkey. The isolation of Salmonella Sarajane from chickens is the first report in the world. The standard method of National Poultry Improvement Plan, U.S. Department of Agriculture, was used to detect Salmonella from chicken cecal samples. Primary and delayed secondary enrichments (PE and DSE) were done in tetrathionate-Hajna broth (TTHB). Two different agar media, xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and brilliant green with novobiocin (BGN) were used to observe, and compared for their isolation and selective differentiation of, Salmonella-suspected colonies. Isolated salmonellae were then biotyped and serotyped. Ninety-one and 151 salmonellae were isolated with XLT4 agar after PE and DSE, respectively. From the same samples, BGN agar was able to detect only 50 and 131 Salmonella after PE and DSE, respectively. The isolation rate with XLT4 was 11.2% (P < 0.01) with PE, and this rate increased to 18.6% after DSE. Also, the PE isolation rate (11.2%) with XLT4 agar was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than PE with BGN agar (6.1%). Salmonella was isolated from 39.3% (11 of 28) of the broiler flocks and from 60.0% (3 of 5) of the layers. The detection sensitivity of the isolation method was determined as 1 CFU g−1 experimentally. These data demonstrate the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Thompson, Salmonella Agona, and Salmonella Sarajane in chicken flocks in Turkey.

Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Senftenberg by Ultrasonic Waves under Pressure

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
PILAR MAÑAS ◽  
RAFAEL PAGÁN ◽  
JAVIER RASO ◽  
FRANCISCO J. SALA ◽  
SANTIAGO CONDÓN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Inactivation Rate ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Liquid Whole Egg ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg ◽  
Citrate Phosphate ◽  
Whole Egg

The resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311), and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W (ATCC 43845) to ultrasonic waves under pressure treatments, at sublethal (manosonication) and lethal temperatures (manothermosonication) in citrate–phosphate buffer and in liquid whole egg was investigated. The influence of treatment parameters on the inactivation rate of manosonication was also studied. Decimal reduction times (Dt) of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W corresponding to a heat treatment at 60°C in pH 7 buffer and in liquid whole egg were 0.068, 0.12, and 1.0 min for buffer, and 0.12, 0.20, and 5.5 min for liquid whole egg. Those corresponding to a manosonication treatment (117 microns, 200 kPa, 40°C) in both media were 0.73, 0.78, and 0.84 min, and 0.76, 0.84, and 1.4 min, respectively. When the amplitude of ultrasonic waves was increased linearly, the inactivation rate of manosonication increased exponentially. The inactivation rate also increased when pressure was raised. However, the magnitude of this increase was progressively smaller at higher pressures. The magnitude of the influence of the amplitude of ultrasonic waves and static pressure on the inactivation rate of manosonication was the same in the three serotypes investigated. Whereas a heat treatment at 60°C only attained a ½-log cycle reduction in the number of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W survivors, a manothermosonication treatment (117 microns and 200 kPa) at this temperature attained a 3-log cycle reduction.

Relative Productivity of Five Selective Plating Agars for the Recovery of Salmonella from Selected Food Types

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326
Author(s):  
Wallace H Andrews ◽  
Clyde R Wilson ◽  
Paul L Poelma ◽  
Aida Romero
Keyword(s):  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Enrichment Broth ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Selective Plating ◽  
Relative Productivity ◽  
Selective Enrichment Broth

Abstract During a 3-year period, the relative productivity of brilliant green (BG), bismuth sulfite (BS), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), Hektoen enteric (HE), and xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD) agars for recovering Salmonella from 9 food types was determined. Following preenrichment, selective enrichment of food samples in tetrathionate broth followed by streaking to BS agar was the single most productive selective enrichment broth-agar combination for recovery of Salmonella in 5 of these food types. A study of the performance of these 5 agars used individually and in various combinations, showed that none of the 5 agars used individually nor any of the possible paired combinations of these agars could be used to satisfactorily detect Salmonella in the 9 food types. The use of all 5 agars was not necessary because one combination of 4 agars (BG, BS, HE, and XLD) recovered 100% of the Salmonella isolates, as compared with the number of Salmonella isolates recovered by the 5-agar combination, in each food category. This particular 4-agar combination, along with two 3-agar combinations (BG, BS, and XLD agars, and BS, HE, and XLD agars), were each able to recover more Salmonella isolates than the combination of BG, BS, and SS agars, the combination currently recommended by the AOAC. Finally, the relative costs of using these agars, singly and in various combinations, were determined.

Salmonella typhimurium Phage-Type 10 from Cheddar Cheese Implicated in a Major Canadian Foodborne Outbreak

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Y. D'AOUST ◽  
D. W. WARBURTON ◽  
A. M. SEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Foodborne Outbreak ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Refrigerator Temperature

Levels of Salmonella typhimurium phage-type 10 in Cheddar cheese implicated in a major Canadian foodborne outbreak ranged from 0.36 to 9.3 salmonellae/100 g. Such a low level contamination likely accounted for the uneven distribution of the organism among subsamples of individual lots. Coliform and Escherichia coli counts were within acceptable limits, whereas three of the 11 lots tested contained ≥105 Staphylococcus aureus per gram but no staphylococcal enterotoxins. Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. were not detected in any of the 12 lots examined. Ability of S. typhimurium to survive up to 8 months in Cheddar cheese stored at refrigerator temperature (5°C) underlines the inadequacy of current regulations requiring a 60-d storage of cheese manufactured from heat-treated (unpasteurized) milk before sale. Results underlined the greater sensitivity of selective enrichment in tetrathionate brilliant green (43°C) than in selenite cystine (35°C) for detection of Salmonella in cheese.

scholarly journals Selenite Cystine Agar for Enumeration of Inoculated Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Stressful Conditions during Antimicrobial Validation Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Karolenko ◽  
Arjun Bhusal ◽  
Dhiraj Gautam ◽  
Peter M. Muriana
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Salmonella Hadar ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

Process validation studies often require the inoculation of select foodborne pathogens into targeted foods to determine the lethality of the process or antimicrobial ingredients, and quantitative recovery of surviving inoculum bacteria helps to make those assessments. Such processes introduce various stressors on the inoculated challenge microorganisms whereby traditional selective media are too harsh to enumerate the remaining viable and injured population quantitatively. Innate antibiotic resistance of challenge organisms has often been used to establish simple selective media (i.e., Tryptic Soy Agar/TSA + antibiotics) for recovering inoculated strains, but sometimes antibiotic resistant background microorganisms are higher than desired. Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, Salmonella Hadar MF60404, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, and Salmonella Typhimurium H3380 were characterized for antibiotic resistance and acid adaptation in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 0%, 0.25%, or 1.0% glucose. Sodium pyruvate was evaluated for recovery after stress but no enhancing effect was observed, possibly because the strains were acid-adapted. Selenite Cystine Broth, traditionally used as a selective enrichment broth, was used as the basis for Selenite Cystine Agar (SCA) in combination with three antibiotics to which our Salmonella are resistant. Serovars of Salmonella, both individually and in mixtures, were enumerated on TSA, SCA, Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD), and Hektoen Enteric (HE) selective agars (all containing the same antibiotics) after conditions of nutrient starvation, desiccation, acid stress, and thermal stress. The data show that quantitative enumeration of our Salmonella serovars on SCA was not significantly different (p > 0.05) than those achieved on TSA for all tested stress categories. Levels of Salmonella enumerated on XLD and/or HE were significantly different (p < 0.05) than on TSA and SCA and often more than 1–2-log lower, consistent with the inhibition of injured cells. These data confirm that SCA (+ antibiotics) is a suitable selective medium for enumeration of these acid-adapted Salmonella serovars as challenge organisms recovered from various conditions of stress.

ICMSF methods studies. II. Comparison of analytical schemes for detection of Salmonella in high-moisture foods

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Gabis ◽  
J. H. Silliker
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

Twenty-one naturally contaminated high-moisture food samples were analyzed to compare the relative efficiency of using thirteen 25-g, three 108.3-g, one 325-g, and one 500-g subsamples in recovery of salmonellae. In addition, recovery by preenrichment in lactose broth was compared with direct selective enrichment in selenite cystine and tetrathionate brilliant green broths. Analysis of preenriched large lumped subsamples, prepared by combining multiple 25-g subsamples, detected positive samples as effectively as the analysis of individual 25-g subsamples. In the analysis of 25-g subsamples, direct enrichment detected as many positive "lots" as preenrichment, but in the analysis of lumped subsamples, direct enrichment gave dramatically reduced recovery. Nevertheless, directly enriched 25-g subsamples resulted in a significantly lower rate of recovery than preenriched subsamples. The results indicate that analysis of a single lumped 325-g preenriched subsample is as efficient in the recovery of salmonellae as the analysis of thirteen 25-g preenriched subsamples. Further, it is apparent that preenrichment of high-moisture foods, such as meat, poultry, and eggs is to be recommended over direct enrichment for the detection of salmonellae.

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