Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD): An Automated Pharmacologic Databank for Drug and Chemical Residue Avoidance

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 826-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. EDMOND RIVIERE ◽  
ARTHUR L. CRAIGMILL ◽  
STEPHEN F. SUNDLOF
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Database Access ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Unique Aspect ◽  
Chemical Residue ◽  
Indications For Use ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Behavior

The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is a comprehensive computerized databank of regulatory and pharmacologic information useful for mitigation of drug and chemical residue problems in food-producing animals. For drugs, the databank contains information on proprietory products, labelled indications for use, and approved withdrawal and milk discard times. For drugs and chemicals, data are available on physiochemical properties of the chemical or generic drug, on tissue, egg and milk tolerances of these compounds, and on their pharmacokinetic behavior. This latter category is the most unique aspect of FARAD as it involves an extensive statistical analysis of published data, which results in estimates of the rates of depletion of these compounds in target animal species. These data have not been previously available. All data in FARAD are linked to specific sources which are listed in a citation file. Finally, resources produced as a result of USDA Residue Avoidance Program projects are listed in the database. Access to the databank is available at three regional access centers in California (916-752-7507), Illinois (217-333-3611) and Florida (904-392-4085), while the databank is maintained at a data analysis and support center in North Carolina. FARAD presently contains over 7,000 records with information on 250 compounds, and is supported by the USDA-Extension Service's Residue Avoidance Program.

Rheology of Polymethylmethacrylate-Collagen Gel Filler: Physiochemical Properties and Clinical Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Paul Lorenc ◽  
Brian Pilcher ◽  
Tina McArthur ◽  
Nimitt Patel
Keyword(s):  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Temple

Abstract Background Soft tissue fillers are comprised of a range of materials with differing physiochemical and rheological (ie, flow) properties. These properties can inform treatment selection for specific anatomical areas, planes of injection, and clinical applications. Objective To characterize rheological properties of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-collagen gel for comparison with other available fillers. Methods Commercially available PMMA-collagen gel, hyaluronic acid (HA), and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) fillers were obtained from their respective manufacturers. Measures of complex viscosity (η*) and elastic modulus (G′) for each filler were collected at 0.7 Hz in triplicate using standard procedures on a rotational rheometer fitted with a 40-mm steel plate at 25°C on a Peltier plate (500-μm gap). Results The measured η* and G′ values for HA and CaHA fillers were in agreement with previously published data. The difference in η* between CaHA (358.9 Pa-s, SD=21.56) and PMMA-collagen gel (656.41 Pa-s, SD=68.03) was statistically significant (P<0.0001), as was the difference between the G′ of CaHA (1424.8 Pa, SD=83.3) and the G′ of PMMA-collagen gel (2815.27 Pa, SD=304.07; P<0.0001). Conclusions PMMA-collagen gel exhibited the highest η* and G′ of all tested fillers. These properties likely underpin an increased capacity for lifting and support in areas where long-lasting revolumization is appropriate. In practice, PMMA-collagen gel is well suited for treatment of acne scars, as well as injection into the supraperiosteal plane in the temple, chin, mandible, and piriform using a retrograde linear threading technique. Additional clinical considerations are discussed.

The Ethics of Food Animal Production

2015 ◽  
pp. 363-379
Author(s):  
Paul B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Lay Public

This chapter summarizes two strands of work on the ethics of food animal production. A dietetic tradition emphasizes the questions of whether and under what conditions consumption of animal protein is morally acceptable. For those who do not adopt some form of ethical vegetarianism, this approach has typically favored more traditional approaches to husbandry. A productionist tradition focuses on the potential for ethically motivated change in livestock production methods and policy. Beginning with the Brambell Committee’s five freedoms, this identifies indicators for multiple dimensions of food animal well-being, and recommends changes in existing industrial production systems. The multiple dimensions of welfare differ from one food animal species to another, and opinion is divided between members of the lay public, who tend to favor indicators relating to an animal’s ability to perform behaviors thought typical, normal, or natural, and scientific experts, who tend to favor cognitive affect and veterinary health.

Examples of Alternative Use in Toxicology for Common Species

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Chengelis
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
General Toxicity ◽  
Batch Release ◽  
Alternative Species ◽  
Available Technology

The principle of refinement of animal usage in toxicology dictates that the appropriateness of a particular animal species for a particular protocol or experiment be thoroughly explored. Species are selected all too often on the basis of convenience or tradition. Rats are traditionally used for acute lethality testing and carcinogenicity testing. Dogs are traditionally used as a “nonrodent” species for general toxicity assessments. This review seeks to make the case that, for both scientific and economic reasons, other species can be appropriately substituted for rats or dogs for general toxicity assessment studies. These alternative species need not be totally exotic, but can, in fact, be species used in other areas of toxicology. Earthworms and fish are nonvertebrate animals used in environmental assessment studies. Earthworms could be used for lethality assessment in place of rodents, particularly for “QC batch” release or toxicity rating purposes. Fish could be used to further define hepatic carcinogenicity. Guinea pigs are frequently used for dermatologic studies, but rarely for other purposes. While a rodent, the guinea pig possesses many physiologic and metabolic characteristics that may make it more appropriate than rats for the chronic testing of certain classes of chemicals (NSAIDs, peroxisomal proliferators). Ferrets have been well studied in teratologic assessments, but have not gained wide acceptance as a “nonrodent” model. This review discusses in detail the available technology and published data that justifies the expanded and appropriate use of these “alternative” species. Special emphasis is given to xenobiotic metabolism, which is a major determinant in speciesrelated differences in toxicity.

Immunity to Salmonella in domestic (food animal) species

2009 ◽  
pp. 299-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wigley ◽  
Paul Barrow ◽  
Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos ◽  
Duncan Maskell
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Domestic Food

scholarly journals Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Zoo Animals: A Review of Susceptibility and Disease Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Roller ◽  
Sören Hansen ◽  
Tobias Knauf-Witzens ◽  
Walter M. R. Oelemann ◽  
Claus-Peter Czerny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Zoo Animals

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB or Johne's disease), a contagious, chronic and typically fatal enteric disease of domestic and non-domestic ruminants. Clinically affected animals present wasting and emaciation. However, MAP can also infect non-ruminant animal species with less specific signs. Zoological gardens harbor various populations of diverse animal species, which are managed on limited space at higher than natural densities. Hence, they are predisposed to endemic trans-species pathogen distribution. Information about the incidence and prevalence of MAP infections in zoological gardens and the resulting potential threat to exotic and endangered species are rare. Due to unclear pathogenesis, chronicity of disease as well as the unknown cross-species accuracy of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and surveillance of MAP and ParaTB is challenging. Differentiation between uninfected shedders of ingested bacteria; subclinically infected individuals; and preclinically diseased animals, which may subsequently develop clinical signs after long incubation periods, is crucial for the interpretation of positive test results in animals and the resulting consequences in their management. This review summarizes published data from the current literature on occurrence of MAP infection and disease in susceptible and affected zoo animal species as well as the applied diagnostic methods and measures. Clinical signs indicative for ParaTB, pathological findings and reports on detection, transmission and epidemiology in zoo animals are included. Furthermore, case reports were re-evaluated for incorporation into accepted consistent terminologies and case definitions.

The Tandem: Life System

2019 ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Danny Ramzy ◽  
Joshua Chung
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Circulatory Support ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Membrane Oxygenator ◽  
System P ◽  
Ventricular Support ◽  
Insertion Techniques ◽  
Support Devices ◽  
Indications For Use

The Tandem Life series of support devices offers short-term mechanical circulatory support for patients with cardiopulmonary failure. The system provides options for left ventricular, right ventricular support, or both, as well as adaptation of a membrane oxygenator for extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This chapter outlines the indications for use, insertion techniques, and outcomes for the Tandem Heart, Tandem Lung, and Protek Duo platforms. Although limited published data exist for these technologies, experience is rapidly growing. The technology has allowed for patients to be fully ambulatory during time of support. The authors provide the perspective of one of the largest implanting centers internationally.

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