Use of Individual, Premoistened, Disposable Wipes in Preparing Cow Teats for Milking and Resultant Raw Milk Quality and Production1

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 957-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT W. ADKINSON ◽  
RONALD H. GOUGH ◽  
JEFFREY J. RYAN
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Water Nozzle ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Paper Towels

Two methods of preparing cows for milking were compared. One preparation consisted of wiping each teat clean with individual, premoistened, disposable wipes. This method was compared with washing teats with a hand-held water nozzle and drying with individual paper towels. Two groups of eight Holstein cows each were randomly assigned to the two treatments. Aseptically collected weigh jar milk samples from individual cow milkings were analyzed for standard plate count, preliminary incubation count, laboratory pasteurization count, and coliform count. Pretrial bacterial counts were monitored for 2 d and were used as covariates in statistical analyses. Cows were sampled for 7 d followed by a 2-d rest after which treatments were switched and cows sampled for another week. Method of udder preparation did not affect daily milk production, fat or protein percent. Standard plate counts and preliminary incubation counts were significantly lower for wipe treatment (363 vs 933 CFU/ml and 263 vs 661 CFU/ml). There was no treatment difference for laboratory pasteurization count or coliform count. Raw milk quality as determined by standard plate count and preliminary incubation count was improved by the wipe treatment.

THE QUALITY OF RAW MILK FROM SELECTED OHIO MARKETS.

1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Ohri ◽  
W. L. Slatter
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
High Count ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bacteriological Method ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Bulk Tank

Summary An 8-month survey of the bacteriological quality of bulk tank produced fluid milk supplies for four major markets in Ohio, was made utilizing the Standard Plate Count (SPC), the preliminary incubation count (PI), the thermoduric (pasteurized milk) count, and the coliform count. In terms of maximum standards of 200,000 and 100,000 organisms/ml, the SPC would have eliminated 13% and 20% of the milk samples, respectively. A SPC of 50,000/ml, a PI count of 200,000/ml, a thermoduric count of 500/ml, and a coliform count of 100/ml would have eliminated 37%, 34%, 40%, and 40%, respectively, of the samples but not all of the samples eliminated by one test were eliminated by another test. All of the tests employed showed a seasonal trend especially in the high count categories but the trend was less noticeable in the results of the preliminary incubation count. A combination of two of the methods was superior to any single bacteriological method employed in detecting unsatisfactory milk. Of the tests used, the combination of the thermoduric count (500/ml) and the coliform count (100/ml) was the most effective in the detection of unsatisfactory milk samples.

scholarly journals Microbiological Profile of the Traditionally Collected Industrial Raw Milk from the Milk Pocket Zones of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gouranga C Chanda ◽  
Gazi M Noor Uddin ◽  
Aparna Deb ◽  
Tahmina Bilkis ◽  
Sharmin Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bacteriological Profile ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Viable Bacteria

The study was aimed to evaluate the bacteriological profile of the traditionally collected industrial raw milk from the milk pocket zones of Bangladesh. About 365 raw milk samples were collected from the milk tanker, who brought raw milk from the mother chilling centre where raw milk was chilled at 4°C following traditional method. All milk samples were subjected to perform standard plate count and total coliform count. The average standard plate count was found to be 4.37 x 106 cfu/ml and the highest occurrence of standard plate count was found to be 6.70 x 106 cfu/ml in October and the lowest (3.28 x 106 cfu/ml) in March. The highest occurrence of total viable bacteria was found to be 5.64 x 106 cfu/ml in autumn and the lowest was found to be 3.78 x 106 cfu/ml in summer. On the other hand, the average of the coliform bacterial count was found to be 3.88 x 105 cfu/ml with the highest (5.70 x 105 cfu/ml) occurrence in May and the lowest (1.90 x 105 cfu/ml) in January. Moreover, the highest occurrence of coliform count was found to be 4.84 x 105 cfu/ml in rainy season and the lowest was 2.75 x 105 cfu/ml found in winter.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i1.4849 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 17-20

A Comparison of Phosphate Buffered and Distilled Water Dilution Blanks for the Standard Plate Count of Raw-Milk Bacteria1

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. HUHTANEN ◽  
A. R. BRAZIS ◽  
W. L. ARLEDGE ◽  
C. B. DONNELLY ◽  
R. E. GINN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Sign Test ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Water Dilution

Raw milk samples were diluted with distilled water or distilled water with added phosphate buffer as recommended by Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products. The standard plate counts were higher in diluent without phosphate buffer with both high and low count milk. The higher counts were significant when analyzed by a nonparametric sign test or a t-test of differences but were not significant with an analysis of variance technique. Reproducibility was not statistically different in the two diluents. It is suggested that the use of phosphate buffer for raw milk bacteria counts be discontinued until information showing definite advantages is provided.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of raw milk marketed in and around Guwahati city, Assam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-660
Author(s):  
Smita Kakati ◽  
Archana Talukdar ◽  
Razibuddin Ahmed Hazarika ◽  
Masuk Raquib ◽  
Saurabh Kumar Laskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Guwahati City ◽  
Standard Plate

Background and Aim: Milk is a highly perishable commodity, which is subjected to various types of contamination right from the farm level to the consumers' table. This study aimed to assess the quality of raw milk sold in and around Guwahati city based on the microbial load. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 raw pooled milk samples collected from 25 different locations in and around Guwahati city were subjected to quality evaluation based on the methylene blue reduction test (MBRT), standard plate count, and coliform count as per the standard procedure. Results: Out of the 200 samples evaluated, more than 50% of them were graded as poor to very poor quality based on the MBRT results. None of the samples could be graded as excellent quality and only 14.5% were graded as good quality. The standard plate count and coliform count of all the raw milk samples were found to be significantly higher than the legal standard. A highly significant (p<0.01) difference was observed for standard plate count and coliform count among the different locations in and around Guwahati city. Conclusion: From the present study, it could be inferred that raw milk sold in most parts of Guwahati city do not confer to the legal microbiological standard and may pose a high risk of milk-borne illness among consumers of the city, which needs a systematic series of actions to be implemented properly.

COMPARISON OF THE OVAL TUBE WITH THE STANDARD PLATE COUNT METHOD FOR DETERMINI NG VIABLE COUNTS OF RAW MILK

1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
S. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Oval Tube

Summary Standard plate counts (SPC) and oval tube counts (OTC) were compared and analyzed by the statistical method on 547 samples of raw milk from the Wichita milk shed. 389 of these milks were paired as routine two-dilution standard plates vs. single tube estimates of viable bacteria; 127 were set in duplicate by each method; and 31 samples were set in replicates of five for the purpose of two-factor variance analysis. Using the criterion of the IAMFES Committee on Applied Laboratory Methods, the experimental results indicated that the comparison odds were approximately even for equivalent counts between methods (48.9% of samples); two out of five random samples showed that the oval tube counts were higher (39.6% of samples) and that one out of ten of the standard plate counts was superior (11.5% of samples). Also, revised data of differences between two-dilution SPC's and single OTC's that passed the chi-square test for goodness of fit for a normal distribution gave a significant difference of means at the 1% level (89 samples). However, with another trial run, two-factor analysis did not yield a significant difference between methods (33 samples × 5 replicates), and the F ratio of the means of the pooled variance data showed no difference in precision between methods; the interaction between samples and methods was highly significant. A comparison of the results from these experiments with data obtained in five other laboratories over a span of 25 years is shown in Table form. It was concluded that there is no significant difference between the two methods where paired estimates are based on replication, but the oval tube is preferred where time and economy are important.

MANUFACTURING MILK QUALITY: A RE-EVALUATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. LaGrange
Keyword(s):  
Milk Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
High Count ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Microscopic Count

The bacteriological quality of manufacturing-grade milk is very similar to that marketed a decade earlier when bulk tanks first came into general use. Milk grading programs usually relied on reduction tests. These tests indicated that most milk supplies were good quality. Based on the Standard Plate Count, data is presented that show approximately one-third of the samples tested, in 1969–70 and in 1957–59, exhibit counts &lt;200,000/ml. Considerable quantities of milk, received at processing plants have plate counts exceeding 1,000,000/ml. Dairy farmers learned they could substitute cooling for cleaning because psychrotrophic bacteria predominated the microflora of most high count bulk milk. These bacteria do not readily reduce resazurin and methylene blue. Psychrotrophs also tend to grow in clumps preventing an accurate evaluation of milk quality using the Direct Microscopic Count (DMC). USDA uses the DMC to test check manufacturing plant's milk supplies. Laboratories are recognizing the value of plating procedures, including the Plate Loop Count, to determine milk quality. Manufacturing-grade milk must be evaluated with a plating procedure before progress can be made in milk quality improvement. One grade of milk is far from being a reality if present levels of manufacturing-grade milk quality are considered.

PREDICTION OF STANDARD PLATE COUNT OF MANUFACTURING-GRADE RAW MILK FROM THE PLATE LOOP COUNT1

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl O. Wright ◽  
George W. Reinbold ◽  
Leon Burmeister ◽  
James Mellon
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Count Range ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts

Plate Loop Counts and Standard Plate Counts of manufacturing grade raw milk samples were compared. With bacterial counts of 200,000/ml and less, the Plate Loop Count approximated the Standard Plate Count very closely. With counts greater than 200,000, the agreement was not as close. Differences between counts from the two methods, however, were not statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) within either count range. An adjustment factor was determined to enable the Plate Loop Count to more accurately predict the Standard Plate Count of milk with a Standard Plate Count &gt;200,000/ml. The Standard Plate Count can be reasonably predicted from the Plate Loop Count by the formula:

Environmental Sampling To Predict Fecal Prevalence of Salmonella in an Intensively Monitored Dairy Herd†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1967-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. VAN KESSEL ◽  
J. S. KARNS ◽  
D. R. WOLFGANG ◽  
E. HOVINGH ◽  
B. M. JAYARAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Standard Plate

Although dairy cattle are known reservoirs for salmonellae, cattle that are shedding this organism are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. A dairy herd that was experiencing a sustained, subclinical outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Cerro was monitored for 2 years. Fecal samples from the lactating cows were collected every 6 to 8 weeks and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Fecal prevalence of Salmonella fluctuated throughout the observation period and ranged from 8 to 88%. Manure composites and water trough samples were collected along with the fecal samples, and bulk milk and milk filters were cultured for the presence of Salmonella on a weekly basis. Over 90% of the manure composites—representing high-animal-traffic areas—were positive at each sampling. Salmonella was detected in 11% of milk samples and in 66% of the milk filters. Results of weekly bulk milk quality testing (i.e., bulk tank somatic cell score, standard plate count, preliminary incubation count) were typically well within acceptable ranges. Milk quality variables had low correlations with herd Salmonella fecal prevalence. When observed over time, sampling period average prevalence of Salmonella in milk filters closely paralleled fecal prevalence of Salmonella in the herd. Based on results of this study, milk filters appear to be an effective method for monitoring shedding prevalence at the herd level. In-line filter testing is also a more sensitive measure of Salmonella, and perhaps other pathogens, in raw milk than testing the milk alone.

Evaluation of the 3M Dry Medium Culture Plate (Petrifilm™ SM) Method for Determining Numbers of Bacteria in Raw Milk1

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 753-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. GINN ◽  
V. S. PACKARD ◽  
T. L. FOX
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Indicator Dye

The 3M Company has developed a sample-ready system (Petrifilm ™ SM) for enumerating bacteria in milk and other food products. The testing unit consists of Standard Methods culture medium coated onto a base film and overlaid with a second film coated with a cold-water-soluble gelling agent and tetrazolium indicator dye. As such, the system is ready to accept samples of product. A pipette or 0.001-ml plate loop continuous pipetting syringe can be used for applying samples. In this study, both methods of sample addition were used and results compared with those of the Standard Plate Count (SPC) and standard Plate Loop (PL) methods for determining bacteria numbers in raw milk. In total, 108 samples were analyzed in duplicate by each of the four methods. The correlation coefficients (r) between the 3M-SPC and SPC, 3M-PL and PL, 3M-PL and SPC and PL and SPC were 0.946, 0.935, 0.941, and 0.974, respectively. Repeatability, as measured by mean log10 variance for duplicate determinations, was essentially the same for the four methods, and in all instances less than 0.005. The mean log10 differences between the SPC and 3M-SPC, and SPC and 3M-PL were, respectively, −0.177 and −0.168. The preceding statistical criteria suggest the Petrifilm™ SM method to be a suitable alternative to the SPC or the PL procedure.

Determination of Viable Bacterial Populations in Raw Milk within 20 Minutes by Using a Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 874-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE P. CHAMPAGNE ◽  
NANCY J. GARDNER ◽  
JULIE FONTAINE ◽  
JACQUES RICHARD
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Filter Technique ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique ◽  
Triton X

The results from a shortened procedure for the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) determination of viable bacterial populations in raw milk were compared to standard plate counts. Shortening the prefiltration trypsin-Triton X-100 incubation period from 10 to 3 min enabled the completion of the analysis within 20 min. The short DEFT method results had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81 with plate counts. With respect to precision, the average difference between values of duplicate plate count analyses was 0.16 log units; that of the short DEFT was 0.14 log units. The slopes of the regressions equations were less than 1, indicating that a direct correlation is not achieved. Short DEFT values were 0.17 log units higher than those of plate counts on milk samples containing less than 10,000 CFU/ml. For milk samples containing counts over 10,000 CFU/ml, short DEFT values averaged only 0.05 log units above plate count readings. Daily preparation of the stain appears unnecessary since acridine orange solutions stored for up to 2 days at 4°C did not produce results significantly (P &gt; 0.05) different from those obtained with fresh solutions. The short DEFT method has potential for the assessment of the bacteriological quality of raw milk in tanker deliveries.

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