Bacteriological profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and other factors related to neonatal meningitis: A cross-sectional hospital-based study from West Bengal

Background: Neonatal sepsis and meningitis is an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity especially in the developing countries. Bacteriological profile of meningitis and antibiotic sensitivity pattern may vary from one region to another. Aims and Objectives: We have planned this study to know the etiological agent of neonatal meningitis with its antibiotic sensitivity profile and to evaluate some other associated risk factors of meningitis. Materials and Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was done for a period of 1 year in the SNCU and NICU of a district Medical College of West Bengal in neonates presented with clinical sepsis and meningitis. Sepsis screen, blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study, and culture sensitivity was done and recorded along with demographic data, clinical presentation, outcome, and other associated factors. Results: We found meningitis in 55 neonates out of 250 clinical sepsis. CSF culture was positive in 42 cases with Escherichia coli (30.9%), Klebsiella (26.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.6%), Acinetobacter (14.2%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS 11.9%) as prevalent organism. E. coli and Klebsiella were mostly sensitive to Amikacin, Levofloxacin, and Colistin whereas less sensitive to Cefotaxime, Pipercilin-tazobactam or Meropenem and Acinetobacter showed good sensitivity only to Levofloxacin. Among the gram-positive organism, S. aureus and CoNS were only sensitive to Linezolid, Vancomycin, and Teicoplanin. Conclusion: This type of study should help to make a proper antibiotic policy for an institution so that the empirical first-line antibiotic can be started with good effect in cases of neonatal sepsis and meningitis before the arrival of culture sensitivity report.

Bacteriological profile and the sensitivity patterns of culture positive organisms in COVID-19 positive patients

Use of antibiotics without proper confirmation carries risk of over use of antibiotics. It is associated with certain side effects like loss of natural bacterial flora present in the human body. It can lead to resistance to the bacteria due to irrational use of antibiotics. Present study was carried out to study the bacteriological profile and the sensitivity patterns of culture positive organisms in COVID-19 positive patients.Hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2021 to June 2021 in the Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences (MRIMS), Hyderabad in 38 samples. These samples were referred from General Medicine Department. Culture and sensitivity was done in all cases. Majority of subjects belonged to the age group of 20-29 years (31.6%). The proportion of males (57.9%) was more than the proportion of females (42.1%). Most common co-morbidity was diabetes seen in 21.1% of the cases. was the most common organism found in four cases. Incidence of secondary bacterial infection in COVID-19 patients in the present study was 39.5%. Among the antibiotics studied in COVID-19 patients, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactum, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol were found to be highly sensitive to most of the organisms. Antibiotics like cefepime, ampicillin, ceftazidime and cotrimoxazole were resistant to most of the organisms.Based on the study findings, we conclude that antibiotics like amikacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactum, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol can be used in most of the patients with COVID-19.Antibiotics should be used with caution especially in patients with COVID-19. Antibiotics like amikacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactum, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol can be used in most of the patients with COVID-19 while awaiting the results of culture and sensitivity. In all cases where physicians are in dilemma culture and sensitivity is highly recommended.

Clinical and bacteriological profile of urinary tract infection in children at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children and is an important cause of morbidity. UTI at young age can lead to renal injury and scarring, and ultimately lead to end stage renal disease in adulthood. Aim of the study The objectives of this study were to study the clinical and bacteriological profile of UTI in children.Methods: This prospective study was done in Sher-E-Bangla medical college hospital, Barishal from January 2018 to July 2019. A urine sample was included in our dataset if it demonstrated pure growth of a single organism and accompanying antimicrobial susceptibility and subject demographic data were available.Result: UTI was more common in female (70.0%) than in male (33.0%). Half were in the age group 1-5 years. Fever was the most common presentation (64.0%) followed by abdominal pain (42.0%), dysuria /increased frequency (34%), decreased appetite (28%). Escherichia coli was the most common (64%) bacterial isolate followed by Klebsiella sp. (20.0%) and Proteus sp. (14.0%). E. coli was highly sensitive to ofloxacin, cefotaxime and amikacin (94.0%). Klebsiella was 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Greater degree of resistance was seen to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid.Conclusions: Though various microorganisms are responsible for UTI in children, E. coli is the most common causative agent. Antimicrobial resistance has already emerged against many antibiotics, making empiric treatment of these infections challenging.

Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from Endotracheal aspirate and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients

Bacterial respiratory infections are most commonly causes of illness for all age group patients in ICU. Most of the patients suffer from urosepsis, postoperative disease and lower respiratory infection when admitted in ICU’s. The main purpose of this study is control in ICU’s infection & determine their antibiotic sensitivity pattern for better treatment of patients. Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients.We performed manual culture of Endotracheal aspirate & BAL fluid specimens collected from ICU’s patients. Samples were cultured on Blood agar and Mac-Conkey agar then incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Any growth were further confirmed by Gram stain and appropriate biochemical tests, and then Antibiotic sensitivity test was done. Among the 123 mechanically ventilated patients and 68 of them developed positive samples. In this study 55.3% (68) pathogenic isolates, 4.1% (5) were non pathogenic isolates and 40.6 (50) were no growth isolates in BAL and endotracheal aspirate samples. In which 67.6% (46) male and 32.4% (22) female patients. Older population falling in the 40-50 years of age group contributes the majority (27.64%) of the infection undergoing treatment for LRT infection in ICU’s patients in TMMC & RC, Moradabad, and in 70-80 years of age group (4.06%) was less contributes of this infection. Among the causative agents, were most common among gram negatives and was common among the gram positive isolates. In our study more resistance gram positive antibiotics were CIP, E, LE, and most sensitive antibiotics were VA, LZ, GEN and TEI. And gram negative bacteria most resistant antibiotics were OF, CPM, CAZ, CIP, CTR, MRP, LE, IPM, PIT and most sensitive antibiotics were AK, GEN, CL, TGC. In this study we conclude that Gram-negative bacilli were predominant in BAL fluid and endotracheal aspirates of ICU patients. Out of 68 multidrug resistance isolates, 1.47% were MRSA, 41.17% were ESBL and 57.36% were MBL isolates higher rate of ESBL production seen in spp., and higher rate of MBL production in spp.High incidence of VAP and the potential MDR pathogens are a real threat in our ICU’s. Combined approach of judicious antibiotic usage and training programs to health care personnel might be of help in combatting high incidence of antibiotic resistance in our institute.

Aerobic Isolates from Gestational and Non-Gestational Lactating Bitches (Canis lupus familiaris)

Mastitis is a complex and well-defined mammary gland pathology, and an emergency in bitches. In dogs, its prevalence is about 1% of all reported diseases and about 5.3% of all reproductive pathologies. Lactating bitches are naturally prone to developing mastitis since puppies can easily overstimulate the epidermal layer of nipples during feeding, facilitating bacterial colonization of the glands. This study aimed to describe the aerobic bacterial flora isolated from milk samples derived from a cohort of patients (n = 87) diagnosed with clinical mastitis (n = 29), subclinical mastitis (n = 17) and healthy mammary glands (n = 46). All of the patients underwent a gynecology consultation to diagnose mammary gland afflictions; physical examination results were coupled with traditional hematological findings. The milk samples were plated on specific microbiological media for bacterial isolation. Among the 162 milk samples analyzed, 93.2% (151/162) had a positive microbiological result, while 6.8% (11/162) were sterile. The bacteriological profile of the milk samples showed 47 different species. The most common bacterial families detected in healthy bitches and bitches with subclinical and clinical mastitis were the Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. The results indicated that half of the isolated bacteria are novel findings in dogs and that some of them are normal components of human milk.