Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated from Hog, Beef, and Chicken Carcass Samples from Provincially Inspected Abattoirs in Ontario

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infection in the United States, and there are reports of resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of gastroenteritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. The agar dilution method was performed to measure antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from hogs (n = 401), beef (n = 21), and chicken (n = 435) to ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined. Resistance of chicken, hog, and beef isolates was 14.3, 18.2, and 9.5% to ampicillin; 17.9, 67.3, and 38.1% to azithromycin; 0, 0.5, and 0% to chloramphenicol; 3.7, 1.2, and 0% to ciprofloxacin; 2.3, 46.6, and 4.8% to clindamycin; 6.7, 43.6, and 4.8% to erythromycin; 0.2, 0, and 0% to gentamicin; 5.1, 10.7, and 0% to nalidixic acid; 13.6, 57.4, and 4.8% to streptomycin; and 52.6, 44.1, 42.9% to tetracycline, respectively. The hog isolates had the greatest resistance to seven of the ten antimicrobials tested. Results of this study confirm the existence of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to various antimicrobial agents, especially ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, commonly used for treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Hog, Beef, and Chicken Carcass Samples from Provincially Inspected Abattoirs in Ontario

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.448 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 448-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

C. LARKIN ◽

C. POPPE ◽

B. MCNAB ◽

B. MCEWEN ◽

A. MAHDI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Test Methods ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Chicken Carcass ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Microbroth Dilution ◽

Good Agreement

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole,and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 μg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Retail Chicken in Two Health Units in Ontario

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1317 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 1317-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

ANNE DECKERT ◽

ALFONSO VALDIVIESO-GARCIA ◽

RICHARD REID-SMITH ◽

SUSAN TAMBLYN ◽

PATRICK SELISKE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Multidisciplinary Study ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Campylobacter Lari ◽

Human Campylobacteriosis ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter is an important enteric pathogen of humans and can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter infections have frequently been associated with the handling and consumption of raw and undercooked poultry. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains is of concern in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in vulnerable populations. A 2-year multidisciplinary study was conducted in the Perth and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph public health units in Ontario, Canada, to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in retail chicken. Retail chicken samples were collected from randomly selected stores in these health units. Resulting Campylobacter isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CLI), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TCY), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (SXT) using the E test. The prevalence of Campylobacter in 1,256 retail chicken samples was 59.6%. Of these positive samples, 9% contained Campylobacter coli, 1% contained Campylobacter lari, and 90% contained Campylobacter jejuni. Of the chicken isolates that were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, 301 isolates (40%) were resistant to one agent, 374 (50%) were resistant to two, 39 (5%) were resistant to three, 20 (3%) were resistant to four, and 6 (1%) were resistant to five. Nine isolates (1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were susceptible to AMC, CHL, and GEN. Less than 10% of isolates were resistant to NAL, CIP, CLI, ERY, and AMP. Resistance to TCY was common (56%). No isolates had a resistance pattern that included all three antimicrobials important in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis (CIP, ERY, and TCY); however, 24 isolates (3.2%) were resistant to at least two of these antimicrobials.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Finnish Subjects Infected Domestically or from Those Infected Abroad

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.47.1.102-105.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 102-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Hilpi Rautelin ◽

Antti Vierikko ◽

Marja-Liisa Hänninen ◽

Martti Vaara

Keyword(s):

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibilities ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The in vitro susceptibilities of 678 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from stool samples of the same number of Finnish subjects were studied. A total of 523 patients, representing inhabitants from throughout Finland, had not traveled abroad within the 2 weeks prior to becoming ill, whereas 155 persons had presumably acquired their infections abroad. The antimicrobial agents studied were erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, and moxifloxacin. The MICs of these antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution method. The growth of all domestic isolates was inhibited by erythromycin at concentrations of 4 μg/ml, and for these isolates the fluoroquinolone MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) ranged from 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml. For the foreign isolates, the erythromycin MIC90 was still low (4 μg/ml), but their susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones were clearly reduced (MIC90s, 8 to 64 μg/ml). Of the four different fluoroquinolones studied, ciprofloxacin was the least active (MIC90, 64 μg/ml).

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Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance inCampylobacterspp. from a Peruvian Pediatric Cohort

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2017/7848926 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Angela Lluque ◽

Maribel Riveros ◽

Ana Prada ◽

Theresa J. Ochoa ◽

Joaquim Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽

Almost All

The presence of virulence factors (VFs) and mechanisms of quinolones and macrolide resistance was analyzed inCampylobacterspp. from a pediatric cohort study in Lima. In 149 isolates (39Campylobacter jejuniand 24Campylobacter colifrom diarrheic cases; 57C. jejuniand 29C. colifrom controls), the presence of thecdtABCandcadFgenes andiammarker was established. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and azithromycin susceptibilities were established in 115 isolates and tetracycline-susceptibility was established in 100 isolates. The presence of mutations in thegyrA,parC,and23S rRNAgenes was determined. ThecadFgene and all genes from thecdtABCoperon were significantly more frequent amongC. jejuni(P<0.0001); theiammarker was more frequent inC. coli(P<0.0001). No differences were observed in VFs between cases and controls. Almost all isolates were tetracycline-resistant; nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance reached levels of 90.4% and 88.7%, respectively. Resistance to macrolides was 13% (C. jejuni4.3%;C. coli26.1%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was related to GyrA Thr86 substitutions, while 13 of 15 macrolide-resistant isolates possessed a23S rRNAmutation (A2075G). Differences in the presence of VFs and alarming levels of resistance to tested antimicrobial agents were observed amongC. jejuniandC. coli.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Northern German Fattening Pigs

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-051 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 1839-1845 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. DÖHNE ◽

R. MERLE ◽

A. V. ALTROCK ◽

K.-H. WALDMANN ◽

J. VERSPOHL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Fattening Pigs ◽

Campylobacter Spp

This study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility rate of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. isolated from Northern German fattening pigs. From 540 lymph node samples, 16 Salmonella Typhimurium, 1 Salmonella Brandenburg, 37 Campylobacter coli, and 11 Campylobacter jejuni strains were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by the broth dilution method. The 14 tested antibiotics for Salmonella were ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, florfenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. The eight tested antibiotics for Campylobacter spp. were ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam (2:1), ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1:19), and tetracycline. In total, 93.7% (n = 16) of Salmonella Typhimurium, 75.7% (n = 37) of C. coli, and 54.5% (n = 11) of C. jejuni isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. Multiresistance to three antibiotics was observed in 75% of Salmonella Typhimurium, 16.2% of C. coli, and 0% of C. jejuni isolates. Pansusceptibility was detected in 6.3% of Salmonella Typhimurium, 24.3% of C. coli, and 45.5% of C. jejuni isolates. Multiresistance is defined as resistance to three or more antibiotics, and pansusceptibility is defined as not having resistance to any antibiotic. Regarding drugs of last resort—cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid—resistance was not common among Salmonella (6.3%). The resistance rate of Campylobacter spp. to last-resort drugs—erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid—varied between species. The observed trend was not statistically significant. No C. coli isolates and few C. jejuni isolates (9.1%) were resistant to erythromycin. In contrast to C. jejuni, the C. coli isolates were more likely to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (9.1 and 18.9%, respectively) and nalidixic acid (0 and 13.5%, respectively). The same phenomenon was detected for tetracycline (27.3 and 62.2%, respectively), sulfamethoxazole (9.1 and 43.2%, respectively), and ampicillin (9.1 and 21.6%, respectively).

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production Systems

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2402 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 68 (11) ◽

pp. 2402-2410 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽

WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Production Systems ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Production Environment ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

Pig Production

The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species in swine reared in conventional and antimicrobial-free (ABF) production systems. Campylobacter coli was the predominant species, with 1,459 isolates (99%) in the study. We found significantly higher prevalence of C. coli on the ABF farms (77.3%) than on the conventional farms (27.6%) among pigs at the nursery stage (P < 0.001). At slaughter, we found significantly higher prevalence at the postevisceration than at the preevisceration stage (P < 0.001) in both production systems. The 1,459 C. coli isolates were tested with the agar dilution method for their susceptibility to six antimicrobials: chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. Resistance was most prevalent against tetracycline (66.2% of isolates) followed by erythromycin (53.6% of isolates). Frequency of resistance to these two antimicrobials was significantly higher among conventional herds (83.4% for tetracycline and 77% for erythromycin) than among ABF herds (56.2% for tetracycline and 34.5% for erythromycin). Resistance to ciprofloxacin at the MIC (>4 mg/liter) was also found on farms in both systems. Multidrug-resistant C. coli strains were detected in both the conventional (7%) and ABF (4%) herds. This is the first report of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of C. coli in ABF pigs in the United States. These findings highlight the high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant C. coli in both conventional and ABF pig production systems and have significant implications for the persistence of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in the pig production environment regardless of levels of antimicrobial use.

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Comparison of phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from cases of diarrhoeal disease in England and Wales, 2015–16

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkz539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 883-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anaïs Painset ◽

Martin Day ◽

Michel Doumith ◽

Jonathan Rigby ◽

Claire Jenkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Diarrhoeal Disease ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

England And Wales ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Agar Dilution

Abstract Objectives To compare and evaluate phenotypic and genotypic methods for the detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in England and Wales. Methods WGS data from 528 isolates of Campylobacter spp. (452 C. jejuni and 76 C. coli) from human (494), food (21) and environmental (2) sources, collected between January 2015 and December 2016, and from the PHE culture collection (11) were mapped to genes known to be associated with phenotypic resistance to antimicrobials in the genus. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility (erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin and streptomycin) testing using an in-agar dilution method was performed on all isolates. Results Concordance between phenotypic resistance and the presence of corresponding AMR determinants was 97.5% (515/528 isolates). Only 13 out of 528 isolates (10 C. jejuni and 3 C. coli) had discordant interpretations for at least one of the five antibiotics tested, equating to a total of 15 (0.6%) discrepancies out of 2640 isolate/antimicrobial combinations. Seven discrepant results were genotypically resistant but phenotypically susceptible (major errors) and eight discrepant results were genotypically susceptible but phenotypically resistant (very major errors). Conclusions The use of this bioinformatics approach for predicting AMR from WGS data for routine public health surveillance is a reliable method for real-time monitoring of changing AMR patterns in isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli.

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Effect of Conventional and Organic Production Practices on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Poultry

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.5.3600-3607.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 3600-3607 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Taradon Luangtongkum ◽

Teresa Y. Morishita ◽

Aaron J. Ison ◽

Shouxiong Huang ◽

Patrick F. McDermott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Organic Production ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Production Practices ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Intestinal tracts of broilers and turkeys from 10 conventional broiler farms and 10 conventional turkey farms, where antimicrobials were routinely used, and from 5 organic broiler farms and 5 organic turkey farms, where antimicrobials had never been used, were collected and cultured for Campylobacter species. A total of 694 Campylobacter isolates from the conventional and organic poultry operations were tested for antimicrobial resistance to nine antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Although Campylobacter species were highly prevalent in both the conventional and organic poultry operations, the antimicrobial resistance rates were significantly different between the organic operations and the conventional operations. Less than 2% of Campylobacter strains isolated from organically raised poultry were resistant to fluoroquinolones, while 46% and 67% of Campylobacter isolates from conventionally raised broilers and conventionally raised turkeys, respectively, were resistant to these antimicrobials. In addition, a high frequency of resistance to erythromycin (80%), clindamycin (64%), kanamycin (76%), and ampicillin (31%) was observed among Campylobacter isolates from conventionally raised turkeys. None of the Campylobacter isolates obtained in this study was resistant to gentamicin, while a large number of the isolates from both conventional and organic poultry operations were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed mainly among Campylobacter strains isolated from the conventional turkey operation (81%). Findings from this study clearly indicate the influence of conventional and organic poultry production practices on antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter on poultry farms.

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Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.4.1037-1042.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1037-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Daniel F. Sahm ◽

James A. Karlowsky ◽

Laurie J. Kelly ◽

Ian A. Critchley ◽

Mark E. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

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Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/2030-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 169-174

Author(s):

M. Holasova ◽

R. Karpiskova ◽

S. Karpiskova ◽

V. Babak ◽

J. Schlegelova

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Study Results ◽

Agar Dilution

With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of Campylobacter spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICR) for ciprofloxacin ≥ 0.5, erythromycin ≥ 4, gentamicin ≥ 4, nalidixic acid ≥ 32 and tetracycline ≥ 4 μg/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MICR ≥ 2 μg/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R Ã¢ÂÂ¤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MICR of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement.

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