Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Abt ◽  
Victoria Incorvati ◽  
Lauren Posnick Robin ◽  
Benjamin Redan
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a byproduct during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC levels are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower levels in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review will discuss EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Analytical methods currently used to detect EC, and advances in experimental technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) will also be discussed. Finally, application of mitigation methods to maintain levels of EC under allowable limits will be covered, including distillation practices, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. Ongoing research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply.

scholarly journals Formation of Ethyl Carbamate during the Production Process of Cantonese Soy Sauce

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhou ◽  
Lorenzo Siroli ◽  
Francesca Patrignani ◽  
Yuanming Sun ◽  
Rosalba Lanciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Treatment Stage

The aim of this work was to clarify the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC) and its influence factors throughout the production process of Cantonese soy sauce. The results showed that EC was not detected in the koji-making and early moromi fermentation stages, but started to be generated when pH of the moromi decreased to about 4.9—at the same time, the levels of ethanol, urea and citrulline increased significantly. Most EC was formed during raw soy sauce hot extraction (40.6%) and sterilization (42.9%) stages. The EC content exhibited the highest correlation with ethanol throughout the whole production process (R = 0.97). The simulation soy sauce produced in laboratory led the same conclusion—moreover, the contents of EC, ethanol and citrulline were higher in soy sauce fermented at 30 °C than in soy sauce fermented at 15 °C. Extraction of raw soy sauce by squeezing contributed little to EC formation. Further research showed that citrulline and ethanol led to significant increases in EC levels in raw soy sauce upon heating. These results indicate that ethanol and citrulline are two critical precursors of EC and that EC is mainly formed during the heat treatment stage of soy sauce.

A quantitative risk assessment methodology and evaluation of food supply chain

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1272-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh Rathore ◽  
Jitesh J. Thakkar ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Quantification

Purpose The food supply chain is exposed to severe environmental and social issues with serious economic consequences. The identification and assessment of risk involved in the food supply chain can help to overcome these challenges. In response, the purpose of this paper is to develop a risk assessment framework for a typical food supply chain. Design/methodology/approach An integrated methodology of grey analytical hierarchy process and grey technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution is proposed for developing a comprehensive risk index. The opinion of the experts is used to illustrate an application of the proposed methodology for the risk assessment of the food supply chain in India. Findings Valuable insights and recommendations are drawn from the results, which are helpful to the practitioners working at strategic and tactical levels in the food supply chain for minimising the supply chain disruptions. Research limitations/implications The risk quantification for the case organisation is primarily based on inputs collected from the experts working for Indian food supply chain, and so the generalisation of the results is limited to the context of developing countries. However, the generalisability of the proposed risk quantification methodology and key insights developed in the food supply chain will assist practitioners in policy making. Practical implications The risk priorities established by this research would enable an implementation of systematic risk mitigation strategies and deployment of necessary resources for leveraging the efficiency of food supply chain. Originality/value Specifically, this research has delivered a risk quantification framework and strengthened the inquiry of risk management for the food supply chain.

The FDA Surveillance Index for Pesticides: Establishing Food Monitoring Priorities Based on Potential Health Risk

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-124
Author(s):  
Donald V Reed
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Potential Health Risk ◽  
Pesticide Monitoring ◽  
Food Monitoring ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Through an approach called the Surveillance Index (SI), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is systematically evaluating the potential health risk of pesticides that may be present as residues in foods. The SI is being used as a primary tool in the establishment of monitoring priorities. Each pesticide is classified and assigned to one of 5 levels of potential risk. The SI documents that are prepared for individual pesticides (a) summarize the information used to assess potential dietary exposure and health risk, (b) provide the rationale for the assigned classification, and (c) identify needs and actions necessary to accomplish appropriate monitoring of the food supply. Reasons are described for the development of the SI, the content of the SI Documents, and the use of the SI in planning and redirecting FDA pesticide monitoring activities.

scholarly journals Studies on the Analytical Methods of Soy Sauce

1958 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Akira OKUHARA ◽  
Tamotsu YOKOTSUKA
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Soy Sauce

scholarly journals Dietary Exposure of Thais to Pesticides During 1989–1996

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Vongbuddhapitak ◽  
Kanokporn Atisook ◽  
Gobthong Thoophom ◽  
Boonpai Sungwaranond ◽  
Yuwadee Lertreungdej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Food Consumption Survey ◽  
Consumption Survey

Abstract To monitor the exposure of the Thai to pesticide residues in foods, the intake of pesticides based on the total diet approach has been studied in Thailand continually since 1989. Food items were chosen and their proportions of daily consumption were calculated from the national food consumption survey conducted by the Department of Health in 1986. Seventy-seven items of food including drinking water were classified into 12 groups according to their sources of contamination and the analytical methods used. Shopping lists and standard procedures for collecting samples and cooking were developed. Twelve food composites from each of the 4 regions were analyzed for nearly 100 pesticides. All analyses used multiresidue analytical methods, and the total daily dietary intakes of pesticide residues were estimated from the average amount of food consumed by Thais. Among 24 pesticides found in the 8 year study, DDT, dimethoate, methamidophos, and parathion methyl were found every year. However, dietary intakes of all pesticides were far below the established acceptable daily intake. In 1999, the study methodology was redesigned to accommodate the new national food consumption survey data.

Inhibition of ethyl carbamate accumulation in soy sauce by adding quercetin and ornithine during thermal process

2021 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 128528
Author(s):  
Kai Zhou ◽  
Francesca Patrignani ◽  
Yuan-Ming Sun ◽  
Rosalba Lanciotti ◽  
Zhen-Lin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Process ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Soy Sauce

scholarly journals New Applications of High-Resolution Analytical Methods to Study Trace Organic Compounds in Extraterrestrial Materials

Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naraoka ◽  
Hashiguchi ◽  
Sato ◽  
Hamase
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Trace Organic Compounds ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Extraterrestrial Materials ◽  
Instrumental Development ◽  
Trace Organic

Organic compounds are present as complex mixtures in extraterrestrial materials including meteorites, which may have played important roles in the origin of life on the primitive Earth. However, the distribution and formation mechanisms of meteoritic organic compounds are not well understood, because conventional analytical methods have limited resolution and sensitivity to resolve their molecular complexity. In this study, advanced instrumental development and analyses are proposed in order to study the trace organic compounds of extraterrestrial materials: (1) a clean room environment to avoid organic contamination during analysis; (2) high-mass-resolution analysis (up to ~150,000 m/m) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to determine the elemental composition using exact mass for inferring the chemical structure; (3) superior chromatographic separation using a two-dimensional system in order to determine the structural and optical isomers of amino acids; and (4) in situ organic compound analysis and molecular imaging of the sample surface. This approach revealed a higher complexity of organic compounds with a heterogeneous distribution in meteorites. These new methods can be applied to study the chemical evolution of meteoritic organic compounds as well as the molecular occurrence in very-low-mass extraterrestrial materials such as asteroid-returned samples.

Survival of Salmonella in Various Wild Animal Feces That May Contaminate Produce

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZEYNAL TOPALCENGIZ ◽  
PATRICK M. SPANNINGER ◽  
SAHARUETAI JEAMSRIPONG ◽  
ANIL K. PERSAD ◽  
ROBERT L. BUCHANAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Animal Feces

ABSTRACT Heightened concerns about wildlife on produce farms and possible introduction of pathogens to the food supply have resulted in required actions following intrusion events. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of Salmonella in feces from cattle and various wild animals (feral pigs, waterfowl, deer, and raccoons) in California, Delaware, Florida, and Ohio. Feces were inoculated with rifampin-resistant Salmonella enterica cocktails that included six serotypes: Typhimurium, Montevideo, Anatum, Javiana, Braenderup, and Newport (104 to 106 CFU/g). Fecal samples were stored at ambient temperature. Populations were enumerated for up to 1 year (364 days) by spread plating onto tryptic soy agar supplemented with rifampin. When no colonies were detected, samples were enriched. Colonies were banked on various sampling days based on availability of serotyping in each state. During the 364-day storage period, Salmonella populations decreased to ≤2.0 log CFU/g by day 84 in pig, waterfowl, and raccoon feces from all states. Salmonella populations in cattle and deer feces were 3.3 to 6.1 log CFU/g on day 336 or 364; however, in Ohio Salmonella was not detected after 120 days. Salmonella serotypes Anatum, Braenderup, and Javiana were the predominant serotypes throughout the storage period in all animal feces and states. Determination of appropriate risk mitigation strategies following animal intrusions can improve our understanding of pathogen survival in animal feces. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Studies on the Analytical Methods of Soy Sauce. Part IV

1963 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
Akira OKUHARA ◽  
Tamotsu YOKOTSUKA
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Soy Sauce
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