The ‘Omani’ and the ‘Indian’ roles in the nineteenth-century commercial expansion

2010 ◽  
pp. 116-137
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Commercial Expansion

State Intervention in Argentina's Export Trade between the Wars

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Gravil
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Commercial Expansion

Since the dramatic widening of the international economy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century foreign capital and enterprise have played a prominent role in the export trades of the primary producing countries. That so much initiative should have come from outside is not surprising since the timing of the entry of these countries into world markets was determined by the demands of the industrial nations rather than by their own level of commercial preparation. The establishment of foreign businesses inevitably brought mixed reactions in the host countries, stemming from the recognition that, while local capital and enterprise could not cope with the sudden commercial expansion, foreign interests were in a position to exploit that very fact. Primary producing countries, therefore, sought to impose statutory regulations on export companies designed to safeguard the producers and, more generally, to harmonize business operations with the government's conception of the national interest.

The Vicissitudes of Anglicanism in China, 1912–Present

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Wickeri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Church ◽  
The World ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
Commercial Expansion

Anglican missionaries went to China in the early nineteenth century, following Western political and commercial expansion to Asia, and all over the world. Somewhat later, missionaries from the United States and the various British societies entered Japan (1859) and Korea (1885). This chapter explores the efforts of British, American, and Canadian missionaries in East Asia, in the context of the broader Christian missionary developments. Anglican and Episcopal work in translation, education, and evangelism laid the foundation for the establishment of the indigenous church in each country, although there were tensions between missionary dominance and local aspirations. The interactions of the early missionaries and their somewhat different approaches in China, Japan, and Korea are significant. The chapter concludes with the efforts that led up to the establishment of the Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui (Holy Catholic Church of China).

scholarly journals Ogling, Quizzing, and Spying: The Eyeglass

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Graphic Satire ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
Male To Female

The eyeglass was a distinctive accessory of the long eighteenth century. Contrary to contemporary conduct advice, which enjoined a self-disciplined gaze and a polite use of the eyes, this accessory made a fashionable virtue out of staring. Using textual sources and the more abundant visual evidence of portraiture and satirical prints, this paper opens by exploring the origins, appearance, and naming of the object. It then turns to examine the different ways of looking enacted with the eyeglass: lascivious and voyeuristic, connoisseurial, and dandiacal. The distinct but intersecting contexts in which it appeared are considered, as well as its passage from male to female fashion in the nineteenth century. Finally, the paper situates the quizzing glass within the broader pattern of eighteenth-century developments: rapid urbanization, commercial expansion, the rise of the middle and aspirant classes, and an Enlightenment epistemology that grounded knowledge in empirically tested observation. In the midst of such developments, the eyeglass became a tool with which to enact visual criticality, the small piece of glass both arming the viewer and providing a way of deflecting the critical looks of others. In graphic satire however, its presence references a satirical gaze being directed from outside the frame of the print. In a small but significant way, the eyeglass came to stand for both the discerning eye, and its absence.

scholarly journals The Most-Favored-Nation Clause

1909 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-422 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Most Favored Nation Clause ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
Made In

The phrase “ most-favored-nation ” first appeared in commercial treaties toward the close of the seventeenth century. The clause in which it was used had been invented earlier in the century to meet the exigencies of that great commercial expansion which had followed upon the restless activities of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The growth of international trade in the eighteenth century called for the multiplication of commercial treaties, and with the treaties the necessity for using the new clause increased.After the American revolution, a series of treaties were made in which the clause was given an expanded and modified form. Henceforth there appear both the unqualified and the qualified forms. During the nineteenth century, while international trade became world commerce, commercial treaties became so common that they now bind the trading nations in a fine-meshed web. In these treaties the clause of the most-favored-nation was inserted with so few exceptions as to warrant its characterization as the “ corner-stone of all modern commercial treaties.”

Smelling Civic Peril

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Mack
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chicago River ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Expansion

This chapter focuses on the public debate over the pollution of the Chicago River between the Civil War and the 1871 effort to “reverse” its flow. The Chicago River, which served as the fountainhead of the city's commercial expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century, constituted a potent sensory nuisance; the obnoxious odors forced a raw confrontation with water pollution that sometimes left residents feeling physically ill. The river offended the eyes and tongue too, but the stenches generated the most complaint. The chapter first explores the reasons why the Chicago River's malodors offended the senses of the affluent classes before discussing how the control of odors figured in broader efforts to create a healthy urban order throughout the city. It examines two of Chicago's most substantial public works projects in the context of the stench of the Chicago River: a water tunnel under Lake Michigan for drinking water and the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to change the flow of the river.

The Nineteenth-Century American Trade Card

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Advertising ◽  
Economic Landscape ◽  
New Consumer ◽  
Commercial Expansion ◽  
American Trade

Industrialization, urbanization, and commercial expansion following the Civil War altered the social and economic landscape in America and contributed to the rapid development of new consumer markets. Manufacturers began to vie aggressively for consumer spending. It was the advertising trade card that met the need for an effective national advertising medium, heralding the arrival of an extraordinary variety of manufactured goods newly available to the American public.

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