scholarly journals The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe

2002 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe

The Unity of the West and Free Trade: A Report From Washington

Worldview ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Lionel Gelber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Common ◽  
De Gaulle

When the United States fostered the recovery and underwrote the security of Western Europe she had more than sentiment to impel her. That salient zone is a pivotal sector of the world balance, and while she may station fewer of her own troops upon its soil, she can entertain no total disengagement from it. But there is another West European item, the future of the Common Market, which calls for a fresh American scrutiny. The West will be better off if Western Europe acquires more of an ability to stand on its own feet. Gaullism, however, revealed a less modest goal, one that was not confined to France and did not vanish with the departure of General de Gaulle. On the contrary, it may have gained new leverage from his downfall.

Part III: New Perspectives on International Migration to Europe: International Comparisons and International Relations: North American Free Trade and the European Situation Compared

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
The Right ◽  
European Situation

While both the EC and NAFTA are designed to provide trade preferences to the member countries, the two groupings differ markedly in other respects. The Treaty of Rome, establishing what is now the EC, consciously used economic means to foster political cohesion in Western Europe; whereas, the NAFTA negotiations seek free trade rather than more comprehensive economic integration precisely to minimize political content. The EC contains many social provisions absent from the NAFTA discussions, the most important of which is the right of migration from one EC country to another. However, migration between Mexico and the United States, both legal and undocumented, is more extensive than between any of the EC countries. This migration is unlikely to diminish in the near to medium term because of the great disparity that exists in the levels of income of the two countries. However, a reduction in the pressure to emigrate from Mexico over the long term requires sustained economic growth there, to which free trade with the United States can contribute.

JOHN BOWRING AND THE GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF FREE TRADE

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID TODD
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
International Diffusion ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Global Communications ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTThe international diffusion of ideas has often been described as an abstract process. John Bowring's career offers a different insight into the practical conditions that permitted a concept, free trade, to spread across national borders. An early advocate of trade liberalization in Britain, Bowring promoted free trade policies in France, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Siam, and China between 1830 and 1860. He employed different strategies according to local political conditions, appealing to public opinion in liberal Western Europe, seeking to persuade bureaucrats and absolute rulers in Central Europe and the Middle East, and resorting to gunboats in East Asia. His career also helps to connect the rise of free trade ideas in Europe with the ‘imperialism of free trade’ in other parts of the world. Bowring upheld the same liberal ideals as Richard Cobden and other luminaries of the free trade movement. Yet unlike them, he endorsed imperial ascendancy in order to remove obstacles to global communications and spread civilization outside Europe.

Europe: The Six and the Seven

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. W. Kitzinger
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Set Up

In December 1959 the European Free Trade Association was set up in Stockholm, and thus the postwar efforts to unite western Europe have led to a significant new division within it: two separate areas of free trade are being set up, at much the same pace, the “Inner Six” centered around France and Germany, the “Outer Seven” around Britain and Scandinavia.

New Trade Strategy For the World Economy, Edited by Harry G. Johnson, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1969.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
Z. A. Vaince
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Kennedy Round ◽  
Trade Area

Harry G. Johnson edited the book under review when trade policy after the Kennedy Round was in a state of flux. In the United States there was a resurgence of protectionism. Britain suffered another EEC rebuff in the same period, with Western Europe remaining at Sixes and Sevens. The imbalance of European Currencies and the inadequacy of international reserves were a threat to international trade. Generalised Tariff Preferences for developing countries were agreed in principle, but agreement in practice was not in sight. President Kennedy's Grand Design needed a revision. A New Trade Strategy was required. The present collection of papers seems to have been designed to provide this new strategy. In broad terms, what is proposed is the establishment of a free trade regime in industrial products amongst a group of countries touching the Atlantic, together with some subsidiary proposals for action in related areas of trade policy. The nucleus of what would thus initially be a North Atlantic Free Trade Area (NAFTA) would be the United States, Canada and Britain and other members of the European Free Trade Associa¬tion (EFTA). But the plan would be an "open-ended" arrangement which other industrialised nations — Japan, Australia, New Zealand and the countries - of the European Economic Community—could also join, provided they were prepared to conform to the rules that this integration scheme would entail. The launching of a multilateral free trade association could be the means of continuing the momentum towards world trade liberalisation and of countering the inward-looking tendencies of the EEC.

scholarly journals Risk and trade regimes: another exploration

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Bates ◽  
Philip Brock ◽  
Jill Tiefenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Open Economies ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Open Economies ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Trade Regimes

An analysis of a small sample of countries shows that the higher the level of termsof-trade risk that a nation faces in international markets, the more likely it is to increase barriers. The analysis also shows that the greater the availability of social insurance programs mounted by a nation's government, the less likely it is to block free trade. In comparison with the small open economies of Western Europe, therefore, developing countries may remain protectionist because they lack the resources to mount internal programs of transfer payments as a means of coping with risk from international markets.

scholarly journals Free trade in Western Europe

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
Karlheinz Kleps
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe

Allocational and Distributional Aspects of Future Immigration to Western Europe

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Straubhaar
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Rule Of Thumb ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
Welfare Losses

This article shows that an analysis of the impacts of immigration has to be divided into allocational and distributional aspects. From an allocational point of view, like free trade in goods, services and capital, migration is welfare-improving as long as marginal productivities of labor are not equalized worldwide. From a distributional point of view, however, the immigration society has to bear the effects of sharing its common public goods and its social values with the new immigrants. Free immigration will only be allowed if the allocational welfare gains exceed the distributional welfare losses. According to this rule of thumb, a guideline for an efficient migration policy is sketched.

Commentary: Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Support for the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850067
Author(s):  
Catherine A Novelli
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
General Counsel ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Trade And Investment

Commentary on Alberto Trejos's article "Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements, and their Relationship with the WTO and the Doha Development Agenda." Catherine A. Novelli is a partner in the Washington office of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP. Formerly Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Europe & the Mediterranean, Novelli coordinated U.S. trade and investment policy for more than 65 countries of Western Europe, Central Europe, Russia, the NIS, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. Previously, Novelli was the Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia where she played a key role in the formation of U.S. trade policy for Russia and Central Europe. She joined USTR in 1991 after serving in the Office of General Counsel at the Department of Commerce.

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