Legal structures of business organisations

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-80
Author(s):  
Susan McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Structures

The Datalogical Drug Mule

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Juan Llamas-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
Legal Structures

Borders and bodies are increasingly regulated by data-capturing mechanisms spread across the world through information and communication technologies. This article traces the features and implications of such a border-body datalogical entanglement through the figure of the drug mule. It analyzes government documents and recorded case studies to argue that this figure emerges from an assemblage of cultural narratives, legal structures, human labor, technical practices, and biological processes. The datalogical drug mule is already implicated in a struggle over what, and how, data is meaningful and actionable. Investigating this figure allows us to begin disentangling the data-driven mechanisms that constitute modern borders and bodies while at the same time accounting for analog continuities in contemporary practices of border security.

P3s: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly – Legal Structures

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (9) ◽  
pp. 681-695
Author(s):  
R. Stuart Broom ◽  
I Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Legal Structures

Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Political Character ◽  
Different Sources

This interdisciplinary volume presents nineteen chapters by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing trade in the Roman Empire in the period c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army. The chapters in this volume address facets of the subject on the basis of widely different sources of evidence—historical, papyrological, and archaeological—and are grouped in three sections: institutional factors (taxation, legal structures, market regulation, financial institutions); evidence for long-distance trade within the Empire, in wood, stone, glass, and pottery; and trade beyond the frontiers, with the East (as far as China), India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Rome’s external trade with realms to the east emerges as being of particular significance to the fisc. But in the eastern part of the Empire at least, the state appears, in collaboration with the elite holders of wealth, to have adapted the mechanisms of taxation, both direct and indirect, to support its need for revenue. On the other hand, the price of that collaboration, which was in effect a fiscal partnership, in slightly different forms in East and West, in the longer term fundamentally changed the political character of the Empire.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Federalism in Germany and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Johannes Saurer ◽  
Jonas Monast
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
Cooperative Federalism ◽  
Energy Expansion

Abstract The Federal Republic of Germany and the United States (US) have adopted different models for energy federalism. Germany allocates more authority to the federal government and the US relies on a decentralized cooperative federalism model that preserves key roles for state actors. This article explores and compares the relevance of federal legal structures for renewable energy expansion in both countries. It sets out the constitutional, statutory, and factual foundations in both Germany and the US, and explores the legal and empirical dimensions of renewable energy expansion at the federal and state levels. The article concludes by drawing several comparative lessons about the significance of federal structures for energy transition processes.

Realising immigration as a human right: public justification and cosmopolitan solidarity

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843102098713
Author(s):  
David Martínez ◽  
Alexander Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Human Right ◽  
National State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normative Justification

According to David Miller, immigration is not a human right. Conversely, Kieran Oberman makes a case for immigration as a human right. We agree with the latter view, but we show that its starting point is mistaken. Indeed, both Miller and Oberman discuss the right to immigration within the liberal paradigm: it is a right or not depending on the correct balance between the interests of the citizens of a given national state and the interests of the immigrants. Instead, we claim that public justification can underpin immigration as a human right. That said, the public justification of the right to immigration has several counterarguments to rebut. Before we deal with that issue, relying on Jürgen Habermas’s social theory, we examine the legal structures that could support the right to immigration in practice. To be sure, this does not provide the normative justification needed, instead it shows the framework that allows the institutional realization of this right. Then, through a combination of civic and cosmopolitan forms of solidarity, the article discusses the formation of a public sphere, which could provide the justification of the right to immigration.

Tax Optimization of Hedge Funds

2021 ◽  
pp. 488-504
Author(s):  
Francois-Serge Lhabitant
Keyword(s):  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Hedge Fund ◽  
Tax Exempt ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
As If

This chapter discusses the major legal structures available for hedge fund investing, and how different categories of investors— taxable US investors, tax-exempt US investors, and non-US investors—may use these to reduce the risk of double or triple taxation. Although sometimes complex, these structures allow investors to enjoy the benefits of characteristics inherent in hedge fund investments while being taxed as if they owned the same assets directly.

Sovereignty, Politics, and Reason in the Post-Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-162
Author(s):  
James Livesey
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
International Order ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter focuses on the French Revolution as one of the most important moments in the entangled history of local cosmopolitanisms. Such ideas as rights, property, and democracy were consciously articulated during the Revolution as universals with cosmopolitan spheres of application, and those ideas had profound global consequences over the following two centuries. Alongside this impact on states and legal structures, the Revolution also had direct effects in every community in France and touched communities outside the hexagon, from India to Ireland. The Revolution transformed the most general contexts, putting the nation-state rather than empire as the organizing principle at the heart of the international order, but it also put the most intimate experiences, such as family and emotion, under new light. The drama of the Revolution exemplified the power of ideas and the ambition to create a rational political order.

scholarly journals Digital Tokens in the Tools of Modern Foreign Trade Activities by Economic Entities of the BRICS Jurisdictions

Legal Concept ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Goncharov ◽  
Marina Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
General Scientific

Introduction: computer algorithmization of production, transport, communication and other processes, which is actively distributed across the countries of all the continents, has received a special name – digitalization of the economy. The speed and independence from distance, in particular, the interworking algorithms for attracting investments are perceived by entrepreneurs with great hope for success. According to the authors of the paper, by 2022 the financial digital technologies can replace up to 28 % of traditional banking and payment transactions, up to 22 % of insurance and foreign trade financing transactions. In the short term, the relevance of introducing the legal regulation of digital investment tokens will be duly evaluated, so long-term foreign trade projects for long-term supply of goods, in particular, by the economic entities of the BRICS jurisdictions, will receive increasing financial support. In the scientific paper, the authors studied the activities of the Russian legislators on forming the legal regulation of the digital economy for the purpose of identifying their mistakes and shortcomings, as well as substantiating recommendations for the consolidation in the legislation of the viable legal structures which can be used by the economic entities of the BRICS jurisdictions in long-term foreign trade transactions that require large financial resources for a period of 1 year or more. Relying entirely on the materialistic worldview and the general method of historical materialism the authors used the general scientific and specific scientific (comparative law, normative-dogmatic, statistical, hermeneutic) methods for the study. As a result, the authors proved that the development of ICO investments would continue rapidly. The growing popularity of ICO will promote the technical “base” of the token market and strengthen the crypto protection of smart contracts and transactions within their performance. Tokens, as digital crypto records on the Internet resources, used by the participants of foreign trade transactions of the BRICS jurisdictions – the organizers of investments, by 2022 will become the usual investment instruments, such as bonds or shares. The conclusions and recommendations on the correction of the Russian bills are formulated; the proposals for improving the infrastructure of remote investments in the Internet space of modern Russia are given. On the basis of a critical analysis of the scientific works of the economists and lawyers, the authors formulate the definitions of the studied tools of remote digital interaction of investors and organizers of investment of long-term foreign trade transactions, which can be carried out including the economic entities of the BRICS jurisdictions.

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