Eberhard, Johann August (1739–1809)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ◽  
Prolific Author ◽  
Christian Wolff ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
German Philosopher

A German philosopher and theologian, Eberhard was trained in the rationalist tradition of Christian Wolff, but was also influenced by the more empirical ‘popular philosophy’ of the Enlightenment. Although a prolific author, who wrote on virtually every area of philosophy, he is best known today for his controversies with the two foremost German thinkers of his time, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Immanuel Kant.

scholarly journals University of the XXI century: philosophy, everyday life, future. To celebrate the 300th anniversary of Immanuel Kant

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Elena Ya. Burlina
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Pedagogical Issues ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
International Image ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Future Events

In 2024, the 300th anniversary of Immanuel Kant will be celebrated. The Kant society of Germany has already announced the decision to hold the anniversary Kant Congress in Kaliningrad. The jubilee Kantiana brings with it the possibility of promoting not only scientific and pedagogical issues, but also has significant chances of becoming an event that will positively affect the international image of various Russian cities and universities. In connection with future events, the interpretation of the legacies of the great philosopher of the Enlightenment in university audiences of the 21st century is of particular relevance. The author of the article puts forward a new methodological and methodological hypothesis. Presentation of Kant for a modern student audience fits into the chronotope: past-everyday life-future. This matrix affects not only the construction of lectures and seminars within the university. This also refers to the creation of new urban images and communicative spaces: theatrical productions, world exhibitions, city holidays. The author widely quotes famous directors who created actual daily life in their performances or city projects. Our contemporary Shakespeare, Our contemporary Kant these are the conditions of modern culture. A similar actualization is seen in innovative educational and methodological texts, in the so-called Kantian, on the website of the Kant Baltic Federal University. The article also presents another thematic turn, relevant for modern students of a medical university, in which the author of the article directly teaches. The article claims that Kants interpretations of consciousness; space-time; transcendence and transcendence up to certain boundaries diverge from the concepts of modern physiologists and psychiatrists, which does not remove the significance and evidentiary power of the great philosopher of the Enlightenment. Based on the above, the following conclusions are formulated in the article: the modern Kantiana contains a variety of scientific heritage and is rooted in everyday culture. Kants legacy is used in university lectures, seminars, and websites, which does not remove the inevitability of expanding the urban Kantian. The strategies of the universities of the 21st century require the actualization of the past and relations with the future of the city. Under these conditions, the anniversary of the great German philosopher I. Kant in the Russian city of Kaliningrad can become another platform for intercultural communication with students from different cities and countries.

Religion and Toleration from the Enlightenment to the Post-Secular Era

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Forst
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Pierre Bayle ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter addresses the classical question of the relationship between enlightenment and religion. In doing so, the chapter compares Jürgen Habermas's thought to that of Pierre Bayle and Immanuel Kant. For, although Habermas undoubtedly stands in a tradition founded by Bayle and Kant, he develops a number of important orientations within this tradition and has changed his position in his recent work. The chapter studies this change to understand Habermas's position better. It also draws attention to a fundamental question raised by the modern world: what common ground can human reason establish in the practical and theoretical domain between human beings who are divided by profoundly different religious (including antireligious) views?

A Comparison of Wolff’s and Kant’s Receptions of Emanuel Swedenborg

Kant-Studien ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Laura Follesa
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Wolff ◽  
Emanuel Swedenborg ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
The One

Abstract Kant’s Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (1766) did not provide the sole perspective through which Emanuel Swedenborg’s work was known in Germany in the eighteenth century. Before Kant, another German philosopher was interested in Swedenborg from a completely different perspective: Christian Wolff. On the one hand, this paper analyzes the meaning of Wolff’s anonymous reviews of Swedenborg’s early writings published in Acta Eruditorum, the authorship of which was only recently discovered, in order to show Swedenborg’s intertwinement with German scholars during the 1720s. On the other, I juxtapose Kant’s and Wolff’s evaluations of Swedenborg’s work at the origins of their different attitudes towards fundamental problems such as the nature of the soul and immortality.

Die Legitimität der Aufklärung

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schick
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Enlightenment Project ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi

This study defends the legitimacy of the Enlightenment project by way of its different realizations in the philosophies of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. Today, Enlightenment as a cosmopolitan project with a global claim is often considered synonymous with Western chauvinism. The assertion of a universally binding reason is all too obviously inconsistent with the much-cited recognition of cultural differences. In contrast, it is the conviction brought forward in this book that an adequately understood Enlightenment is an unconditional right of every person taking an active interest in a self-determined way of life. Only the realization of this conception of Enlightenment can provide the required space for the reciprocal recognition of human differences to freely unfold.

Music Transcendent and Sublime

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip V. Bohlman
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Universal History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Form Of Expression

The translations in Song Loves the Masses close with Herder’s final large-scale essay on music, published in 1800 as a chapter in Kalligone, the culmination of his aesthetic work. With this late essay Herder, a polemic against his former teacher, Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), reveals the extent to which he has moved into a fully aesthetic domain in his concern for the universal history of humanity. Embodying the subjectivity of song and singing, music acquires the force of transcendence, and it therefore aspires to the Enlightenment ideals of the sublime. In Herder’s “On Music,” human beings are endowed with a degree of understanding that allows them to perceive the traits that make music unlike any other form of expression.

Two Crises for the Proof Paradigm in the Enlightenment

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-58
Author(s):  
William J. Talbott
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
David Hume ◽  
The State ◽  
Epistemic Rationality ◽  
Metaphysical Necessity ◽  
Important Respect ◽  
Naturalistic Epistemology ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Causal Necessity

In Chapter 2, the author critically discusses the epistemologies of David Hume and Immanuel Kant. The author distinguishes the skeptical Hume from the naturalist Hume. The author presents the skeptical Hume’s philosophy as a response to what he calls Berkeley’s puzzle. He argues that Hume’s skeptical arguments are self-refuting and self-undermining and that Hume’s analysis of cause is an example of an explanation-impairing framework substitution. Hume’s solution to his skeptical arguments was a new kind of epistemology, a naturalistic epistemology. The author presents Kant’s epistemology as a response to the state of rationalist metaphysics at the time of Kant’s first Critique. Kant’s epistemology was similar to Hume’s in one important respect. Just as Hume had psychologized the idea of causal necessity, Kant psychologized the idea of metaphysical necessity. The author argues that both solutions were a form of relativism. This chapter primarily serves to motivate a search for a non-skeptical, non-relativist, non-Platonist theory of epistemic rationality.

6. Religion

2016 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Ritchie Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Contemporary Philosopher ◽  
Good And Evil

Goethe was brought up in Frankfurt, a Protestant city where the Lutheran Church held sway, but was also introduced to key Enlightenment texts through his father’s extensive library. ‘Religion’ explains that an early Pietist phase strengthened the value that Goethe placed on tolerance in religious matters. Goethe’s standpoint was what the 18th century called ‘natural religion’. Goethe’s allegiance to the Enlightenment is seen in his work, including the poem ‘Prometheus’ (1774) and the neoclassical drama Iphigenie in Tauris (1786–7). Goethe seems to anticipate Nietzsche in viewing human life as ‘beyond good and evil’. What mattered to Goethe was individuality, which brings him close to the greatest contemporary philosopher, Immanuel Kant.

The Aesthetics of Disaster: Blok, Messina, and the Decadent Sublime

Slavic Review ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer Presto
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
The Face ◽  
Aleksandr Blok ◽  
Luca Signorelli ◽  
European Civilization

In this article, Jenifer Presto argues that the 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria earthquake had an impact on Aleksandr Blok no less significant than that which the 1755 Lisbon earthquake had on writers of the Enlightenment and proceeds to demonstrate how it shaped Blok's aesthetics of catastrophe. This aesthetics can best be termed the “decadent sublime, ” an inversion of the Kantian dynamic sublime with its emphasis on bourgeois optimism. Following Immanuel Kant, Blok acknowledges the fear and attraction that nature's forces can inspire; however, unlike Kant, he insists that modern man remains powerless in the face of nature, owing to his decadence—a decadence endemic to European civilization. The decadent sublime is manifested in a host of Blok's writings, ranging from “The Elements and Culture” to Lightning Flashes of Art and The Scythians; it is intensely visual and is indebted to images of ruin by artists such as Giovanni Battista Piranesi and Luca Signorelli.

Dissembling Orthodoxy in the Age of the Enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his Confession of Faith

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kloes
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Friedrich Schleiermacher ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Prussian Academy ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The name of Friedrich II and his nearly half-century reign from 1740 to 1786 are virtually synonymous with the advent and advance of the Enlightenment in Prussia. In his famous 1784 answer to the question posed by the Berlinische Monatsschrift, “What is enlightenment?” Immanuel Kant asserted that enlightenment could be partially conceptualized as a temporal epoch, one whose salient characteristics, especially in regards to religion, were manifested in the personal opinions and public policies of his royal Prussian sovereign. “We do not live in an enlightened age, but in an age of enlightenment – the century of Friedrich.” In a similar spirit, a generation after Kant wrote, Friedrich Schleiermacher delivered a paean to Friedrich II's memory in a January 24, 1817 address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences on what would have been Friedrich II's one-hundred-and-fifth birthday. Schleiermacher heralded Friedrich II as “a friend of the muses,” who doubtlessly conversed with Plato in the afterlife, the legacy of whose domestic initiatives had been to transform Prussia into a more cultured society, while his “heroic” and “glorious” victories secured for the Prussian Army its vaunted reputation for military prowess. As the 29-year-old king himself wrote in a February 24, 1741 battlefield letter from the frontlines of the First Silesian War, “I love war for its glory, but if I were not a ruler, I would be nothing but a philosopher.”

scholarly journals Management and communication ideas in the late 17th – early 19th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Denis Kislov
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
John Locke ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
World Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Government

The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists in management and communication issues, but their successful epistolary and encyclopedic communication practice, starting from the third decade of the XVIII century significantly increased the self-awareness of the masses. The influence of their ideas on the possibility of progressive development of social relations, on improving the national states manageability and on how of a new type scientists were able not only to popularize knowledge, but also to practically make it an object of public communication is shown. In this context, the author considers the importance of political and legal communication problems in the vision of Charles Louis Montesquieu and analyzes the republican governance ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau as an outstanding figure of the Enlightenment, who attached great importance to the forms and methods of forming of the state governance structures. At the end of the historical period under consideration, a comparative historical analysis of the most significant statements of such thinkers as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document