Contemporary manifestations of the social unconscious in Japan: post trauma massification and difficulties in identity formation after the Second World War*

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

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Memory and identity: intergenerational narratives of violence among refugees in Serbia

Nationalities Papers ◽

10.1080/00905992.2013.801415 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1065-1082 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mila Dragojević

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Political Mobilization ◽

Second World War ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Cycle Of Violence ◽

World War ◽

Political Leaders ◽

Second World

This article examines the role of the intergenerational memory of the Second World War (WWII) in identity formation and political mobilization. An existing explanation in the ethnic-conflict literature is that strategic political leaders play a crucial role in constructing and mobilizing ethnic identities. However, based on 114 open-ended interviews with individuals born in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia, conducted in Serbia during 2008–2011, nearly a third of the respondents make spontaneous references to WWII in their statements, usually drawing parallels between the cycle of violence in the 1990s and that in the 1940s. The question this article asks, then, is why some respondents make references to WWII spontaneously while others do not. It is argued that intergenerational narratives of past cycles of violence also constitute a process of identity formation, in addition to, or apart from, other processes of identity formation. The respondents mention WWII violence in the context of the 1990s events because they “recognize” elements, such as symbols, discourse or patterns of violence, similar to those in the intergenerational narratives and interpret them as warning signs. Hence, individuals who had previously been exposed to intergenerational narratives may be subsequently more susceptible to political mobilization efforts.

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Post-Heroic Warfare Revisited: Meaning and Legitimation of Military Losses

Sociology ◽

10.1177/0038038516680313 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 898-914 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristian Frisk

Keyword(s):

Social Order ◽

Modern Society ◽

Moral Worth ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The Social ◽

Military Engagement ◽

Military Campaign ◽

The Military ◽

Second World

The article challenges the thesis that western societies have moved towards a post-heroic mood in which military casualties are interpreted as nothing but a waste of life. Using content analysis and qualitative textual analysis of obituaries produced by the Royal Danish Army in memory of soldiers killed during the Second World War (1940–1945) and the military campaign in Afghanistan (2002–2014), the article shows that a ‘good’ military death is no longer conceived of as a patriotic sacrifice, but is instead legitimised by an appeal to the unique moral worth, humanitarian goals and high professionalism of the fallen. The article concludes that fatalities in international military engagement have invoked a sense of post-patriotic heroism instead of a post-heroic crisis, and argues that the social order of modern society has underpinned, rather than undermined, ideals of military self-sacrifice and heroism, contrary to the predominant assumption of the literature on post-heroic warfare.

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Democracy and Dictatorship in the Cold War: the Two Germanies, 1949–1961

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0027 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew I. Port

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Social Life ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Political Upheaval ◽

German States ◽

The Social ◽

Political Conditions ◽

The Cold War ◽

Second World

The ‘long 1950s’ was a decade of conspicuous contrasts: a time of dismantling and reconstruction, economic and political, as well as cultural and moral; a time of Americanization and Sovietization; a time of upheaval amid a desperate search for stability. But above all, it was a time for both forgetting and coming to terms with the recent past. This article focuses on the two forms of government that controlled Germany, democracy, and dictatorship. The Cold War was without doubt the main reason for the rapid rehabilitation and integration of the two German states, which more or less took place within a decade following the end of the Second World War. This article further elaborates upon the political conditions under dictatorship and its effect on the social life. East Germany, under the Soviet control underwent as much political upheaval. It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that Germany became a democracy.

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Pedagogic Alternatives in Italy after the Second World War: the Experience of the Movimento di Cooperazione Educativa and Bruno Ciari’s New School in Bologna

Espacio Tiempo y Educación ◽

10.14516/ete.299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 69-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mirella D’Ascenzo

Keyword(s):

Educational Innovation ◽

Teaching Profession ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

New School ◽

School Renewal ◽

The Social ◽

The City ◽

Second World ◽

And Training

This contribution explores the historical and educational context in Italy after the Second World War, focusing on the pedagogical and educational innovation of the Movimento di Cooperazione Educativa (Educational Cooperation Movement, MCE), founded to promote the techniques of Freinet, and in particular Bruno Ciari, teacher, politician and driving force behind national school renewal in Italy. Using printed sources and archives from the period, the paper looks at the social and pedagogical experiment developed by Bruno Ciari between 1966 and 1970 and promoted in the city of Bologna through «Pedagogic Februaries»; these involved a series of events, conferences and training initiatives, organised with the cooperation of key universities, targeting teachers and families in order to develop an innovative, shared school culture. From the egodocuments of a preschool teacher who worked with Bruno Ciari in the city of Bologna, we enter the heart of the renewal of teaching practices, highlighting the tormented process of change in the teaching profession, in favour of a school that would be a true alternative to the traditional model and open to the democratic demands of all society.

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Once We Were Shepherds: Górale Ethnic Identity in Celebrations Revived and Reinterpreted

Ethnologia Actualis ◽

10.2478/eas-2019-0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 37-53

Author(s):

Pawel Sendyka

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

National Parks ◽

Social System ◽

Winter Season ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Pastoral System ◽

The Social ◽

Alpine Pastures ◽

Second World

Abstract The Górale of the Polish highlands are seen as a people apart from the rest of Poles. They are afforded this special status through the romanticisation as Poland’s very own “noble savages” by the writers and travellers of the 19th century. This was the time of Poland’s search for nationhood (when its territory was occupied by Russia, Prussia and Austria). The Górale have always been described, even in those early accounts, as pastoralists. During the season, when the sheep went up to the alpine pastures, the villages were almost deserted. In the 20th century the pastoral system dissolution took place starting with the establishment of national parks after the Second World War. Further unfavourable developments decimated what was left of it since the late 1980s. As a result of the dissolution of the pastoral system the Górale chose to amplify their internal unity by strengthening the ethnic identity. The revival of pastoralism as it currently presents itself today, may be seen as yet another rallying call around Górale identity. It is a come back to the pastoralist “core” of the highland culture, while changing and re-inventing the tradition to suit new economic, social and political circumstances. In the Polish pastoralist tradition there have always been two seminal community events which bracketed the winter season. There was the autumn event of “Redyk Jesienny” when the sheep brought back from the summer alpine pastures were given back to their owners and there was also a spring event of “Mieszanie Owiec” which literally means the Mixing of Sheep. Historically, they were very important events of the pastoral calendar, while the pastoral system itself has been crucial fixture and backbone of the social system of the Górale people. The paper examines how these traditions changed from old ethnographic descriptions and how they are being re-invented in the context of reaffirming the Górale identity today.

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The forgotten Eastern Front: dealing with the social and archaeological legacies of the Battle of the Rawka and Bzura Rivers (1914–1915), central Poland

Antiquity ◽

10.15184/aqy.2021.134 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Anna I. Zalewska ◽

Grzegorz Kiarszys

Keyword(s):

Historical Consciousness ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Central Poland ◽

Eastern Front ◽

The Social ◽

Trench Warfare ◽

Heritage Policy ◽

Second World ◽

First World

While the Western Front of the Great (or First World) War is deeply engrained in the European historical consciousness, memories of the Eastern Front are less prominent. Here, events have been repressed, obscured by the subsequent experience of the Second World War and by heritage policy in the region. The authors present the results of archaeological investigations of a battlefield in central Poland, where static trench warfare was fought between December 1914 and July 1915. A unique landscape palimpsest was formed, the present neglected state of which is a material expression of contemporary attitudes to the legacy of the forgotten Eastern Front. The study illustrates the wider intersection of warfare, identity and memory.

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Conclusion

Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950 ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198745778.003.0009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 271-284

Author(s):

Ken Hirschkop

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Western Europe ◽

Richard Rorty ◽

Second World War ◽

Roland Barthes ◽

World War ◽

Social Democratic ◽

Linguistic Turn ◽

The Social ◽

Second World

The conclusion examines the situation after the Second World War. It shows how the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy ended and how the social democratic settlement in Western Europe gave birth to the new linguistic turns known as structuralism. The author explores the former by examining the career of Richard Rorty and the latter by looking at how Roland Barthes combines ideas from Saussure with a project for a radical analysis of French everyday life in the Mythologies. The book concludes with a review of how the various linguistic turns overinvested in the idea of language.

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‘The Business Had to March On’ De Arbeiderspers in Time of War

Quaerendo ◽

10.1163/157006910x537709 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (3-4) ◽

pp. 256-283

Author(s):

Frederike Doppenberg

Keyword(s):

Democratic Party ◽

Second World War ◽

Social Democratic Party ◽

World War ◽

National Socialist ◽

Social Democratic ◽

The Social ◽

National Socialists ◽

Party Press ◽

Second World

AbstractDuring the Second World War the social-democratic publisher De Arbeiderspers [The Workers’ Press] was transferred into National Socialist hands. The National Socialists wanted to transform the party press of the SDAP, the social democratic party of the Netherlands, into a National Socialist platform. The publisher, however, had a secure circle of socialist customers whom the new management did not want to deter. This article is a study, based on a reconstruction of the list of publications during the period ’40 -’45, of how the National Socialist managers attempted to change the ideological foundation of De Arbeiderspers.

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An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777300003933 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 401-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frederick L. Mckitrick

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

Point Of View ◽

West Germany ◽

Class Relations ◽

World War ◽

New Era ◽

The Social ◽

History Of ◽

Post War ◽

Second World

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.

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