A Comparison of Self-Report, Urine Sample, and Hair Sample Testing for Drug Use: A Longitudinal Study *

Experimental studies support the conventional belief that people behave more aggressively whilst under the influence of alcohol. To examine how these experimental findings manifest in real life situations, this study uses a method for estimating evidence for causality with observational data—‘situational decomposition’ to examine the association between alcohol consumption and crime in young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Self-report questionnaires were completed at age 24 years to assess typical alcohol consumption and frequency, participation in fighting, shoplifting and vandalism in the previous year, and whether these crimes were committed under the influence of alcohol. Situational decomposition compares the strength of two associations, (1) the total association between alcohol consumption and crime (sober or intoxicated) versus (2) the association between alcohol consumption and crime committed while sober. There was an association between typical alcohol consumption and total crime for fighting [OR (95% CI): 1.47 (1.29, 1.67)], shoplifting [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.12, 1.40)], and vandalism [OR (95% CI): 1.33 (1.12, 1.57)]. The associations for both fighting and shoplifting had a small causal component (with the association for sober crime slightly smaller than the association for total crime). However, the association for vandalism had a larger causal component.

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Exposure to Bullying and General Psychopathology: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology ◽

10.1007/s10802-020-00760-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jolien Rijlaarsdam ◽

Charlotte A. M. Cecil ◽

J. Marieke Buil ◽

Pol A. C. van Lier ◽

Edward D. Barker

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Child Psychopathology ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Report ◽

General Factor ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

General Psychopathology ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractAlthough there is mounting evidence that the experience of being bullied associates with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, it is not known yet whether the identified associations are specific to these symptoms, or shared between them. The primary focus of this study is to assess the prospective associations of bullying exposure with both general and specific (i.e., internalizing, externalizing) factors of psychopathology. This study included data from 6,210 children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Child bullying was measured by self-report at ages 8 and 10 years. Child psychopathology symptoms were assessed by parent-interview, using the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) at ages 7 and 13 years. Bullying exposure significantly associated with the general psychopathology factor in early adolescence. In particular, chronically victimized youth exposed to multiple forms of bullying (i.e., both overt and relational) showed higher levels of general psychopathology. Bullying exposure also associated with both internalizing and externalizing factors from the correlated-factors model. However, the effect estimates for these factors decreased considerably in size and dropped to insignificant for the internalizing factor after extracting the shared variance that belongs to the general factor of psychopathology. Using an integrative longitudinal model, we found that higher levels of general psychopathology at age 7 also associated with bullying exposure at age 8 which, in turn, associated with general psychopathology at age 13 through its two-year continuity. Findings suggest that exposure to bullying is a risk factor for a more general vulnerability to psychopathology.

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Ethnic Identity, Procedural Justice, and Offending: Does Procedural Justice Work the Same for Everyone?

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128715620429 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (10) ◽

pp. 1314-1336 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kyle McLean

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Social Identity ◽

Procedural Justice ◽

Juvenile Delinquents ◽

Potential Interaction ◽

Social Identities ◽

Self Report ◽

Two Measures ◽

The Relationship

Identity judgments are central to the theoretical arguments of procedural justice theory. Perceptions of procedural injustice have been argued to compromise an individual’s social identity and contribute to disengagement from group values and norms. Thus, it is important to clarify the relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and specific facets of social identities, such as ethnic identity. This study attempts to evaluate the relationship between these concepts by examining the potential interaction effect between procedural justice and ethnic identity on two measures of offending, self-report and number of arrests, in a longitudinal study of serious juvenile delinquents.

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Use of illicit drugs by adolescents and young adults of an urban settlement in Brazil

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.64.02.114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 114-118

Author(s):

Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽

Márcia Maria de Souza ◽

Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano ◽

Sheila Araujo Teles ◽

Marcos André de Matos

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Drug Use ◽

Illicit Drugs ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Self Report ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban Settlement ◽

Factors Associated

Summary Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with illicit drug use by adolescents and young adults of a formal urban settlement. Method: Cross-sectional study including adolescents and young adults 12-24 years of an urban settlement in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Stata, version 12.0. We used Poisson regression model to estimate the factors associated with illicit drug use. Results: Of the total participants (n=105), 27.6% (95CI 20.0-36.9%) had used illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, crack, LSD and inhalants. The consumption of these substances was associated with male gender, use of body piercing and/or tattoos, licit drug use and self-report of signs and/or symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: High prevalence of illicit drug use was found in the individuals investigated, ratifying the presence of risk factors to the vulnerability of the settlers to use these substances in the urban settlement population.

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