Scientific Progress in Socio-Cultural Context: Natural Science, Medicine and Myth after Nuremberg

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Dietrich von Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scientific Progress

Integrating Psychology, Religion, and Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-86
Author(s):  
Jenny H. Pak
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Integration

Abstract Although science was originally broadly conceptualized as a systematic, rigorous activity to produce trustworthy knowledge, psychologists, those following the mainstream, adopted a single philosophy of science and strictly enforced natural science as the only proper “scientific” psychology. Qualitative research has been part of modern psychology from the beginning, but it was obscured for nearly a century as positivist epistemology came to dominate the field. Building culturally robust and intelligible theories capable of responding more effectively to complex problems faced by a rapidly changing world calls for openness in methodological diversity. Deeply rooted in a hermeneutic tradition, cultural psychology has challenged the appropriateness of seeking reductive knowledge because higher mental processes such as religious beliefs, values, and choices are bound by historical and cultural context. As greater interdisciplinary integration and methodological innovations are necessary to keep psychology of religion relevant, narrative inquiry has emerged as a promising integrative paradigm.

Toward a Formal Interpretation of Kant's Analogies of Experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Johan Blok
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Logical Positivism ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Transcendental Logic ◽  
Non Euclidean Geometry

Very often, the rise of non-Euclidean geometry and Einstein's theory of relativity are seen as the decisive defeat of Kant's theoretical philosophy. Scientific progress seems to render Kant's philosophy obsolete. This view became dominant during the first decades of the twentieth century, when the movement of logical positivism arose. Despite extensive criticism of basic tenets of this movement later in the twentieth century, its view of Kant's philosophy is still common. Although it is not my intention to defend Kant infinitely, I think that this view is rather unsatisfactory and even misleading.Let us consider the first factor: non-Euclidean geometry. If one reads the first Critique carefully, it becomes clear that the claims of transcendental logic do not imply Euclidean geometry. Kant's notion of space, as explained in the aesthetics chapter, is rather limited: it does neither entail nor presuppose a specific form of geometry (Cf. B37-B57). None of his statements about the form of space is specific enough to imply or support Euclidean geometry. Although Kant uses several examples, Euclidean geometry does not play any systematic role; only the pure form of space is at issue in the aesthetics chapter. In my view, the same holds in the case of Newton's physics: it is neither presupposed nor entailed by Kant's transcendental logic. The justification of Newton's physics requires further specialisation and application of the transcendental framework to empirical concepts like matter and motion. Kant took this step in his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science.

scholarly journals The significance of the idea of impetus for the development of natural science

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Julita Slipkauskaitė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Projectile Motion ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
Medieval Universities

In the discourse around theories explaining scientific progress, natural philosophy of the Late Medieval Period is seen as playing the role of apologetics. For philosophers of science, with their repudiation of metaphysics, the task of providing a rational reconstruction of how scientific progress has occurred is nigh on impossible. Even explanations such as the Popperian and the Kuhnian strain under great difficulty and provide only partly satisfactory results. In his “Logik der Forschung” (1934) Karl Raimund Popper argues that metaphysics plays an accidental part in the emergence of new scientific ideas. Correspondingly, in “Structure of Scientific Revolutions” (1962), by carrying out theoretical interpretations and classification of empirical facts without their metaphysical premises, Thomas Kuhn comes to the conclusion that natural science was formed under the influence of erroneous interpretations of Aristotelian natural philosophy presented by medieval natural philosophers. These are some of the reasons why medievalists are still made to defend late medieval natural philosophy from shallow convictions that at medieval universities nothing of any significance to contemporary science and philosophy took place at all. Seeking to render a fragment of a coherent reconstruction of the development of natural philosophy, I will investigate one idea of late medieval philosophy – the explanation of motion (impetus). The main statement of the paper holds that the ideas of late medieval natural philosophy have a decisive significance for the development of modern natural science instead of accidental or negative one. In the paper, following Aristotelian philosophical approach, premises of Jean Buridan’s theory of impetus will be exposed. Then, debates over the explanation of projectile motion are going to be presented, and finally, the necessary significance of this metaphysical idea on the modifications of natural philosophy is going to be ascertained.

Two Cultures and Education: From the Opposition to Dialogue

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
��������� ◽  
Svetlana Mansurova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Humanities Education ◽  
Educational Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
Training Activities

Educational issues are resolved in a cultural context of education of the XXI century through the prism of concepts of natural science and human cultures. Features sciences and the humanities cultures are represented in their comparative generalization. The specifi city of science and humanities education � training activities and formed abilities in teaching natural and humanitarian subjects are discussed in the light of the relevant characteristics of both cultures. Methodological bases of integration of scientifi c knowledge, the unity of human knowledge are disclosed. The base of the global integration of the sciences and the humanities cultures form a unifi ed picture of the world are revealed, in which nature, society, people are represented as organically interconnected parts of a whole. The basis for interaction holistic and humanistic approaches in education, formation of a new paradigm of philosophy of education in the dialogue of cultures is showed, which implements the principle of integration and humanization.

Scientific Progress: A Philosophical Essay on the Economics of Research in Natural Science

Physics Today ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 55-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rescher ◽  
Alex C. Michalos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Philosophical Essay

scholarly journals “at forstaaeliggjøre og tyde Naturens Runer”

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-149
Author(s):  
René Rosfort
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Historical Sketch

Kierkegaard’s attitude to natural science is equivocal. Whilethe published works deal with the open criticism of Hegel and his Danishfollowers, in his journals and notebooks we find a more clandestine,albeit no less intense, critique of the scientific endeavours of his day. Thebiting sarcasm that characterises this critique has often led to the viewthat Kierkegaard, as a Christian thinker of subjectivity, naturally hasto be stubbornly against scientific progress. On a closer look, though,we fi nd a more complex view hidden underneath the noisy surface ofKierkegaard’s vigorous rhetoric. The point of this article is to articulatethis more complex view against the backdrop of a historical sketch ofthe relationship between science and religion at the time of Kierkegaard,and through an interpretation of the Kierkegaard’s statements inhis journals and notebooks.

scholarly journals La crisi di Ebola come emergenza bioetica. Una dichiarazione dei Comitati dell’UNESCO

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Semplici
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Joint Statement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Organization

La Dichiarazione congiunta sull’epidemia del virus Ebola, adottata il 10 settembre 2014 dal Comitato internazionale di bioetica e dal Comitato intergovernativo di bioetica dell’UNESCO, offre un significativo esempio della strategia articolata che è necessaria per combattere efficacemente contro la crisi di Ebola nell’Africa Occidentale e per prevenire lo scoppio di simili flagelli in futuro. La comunità internazionale e gli Stati sono sollecitati non solo a incoraggiare gli sforzi dei ricercatori per garantire lo sviluppo e la disponibilità di trattamenti efficaci, ma anche a definire e potenziare programmi che coinvolgano le popolazioni locali, prendendo in considerazione il contesto sociale e culturale dei paesi colpiti, così come a rafforzare i loro sistemi sanitari. Richiamando l’importanza dei principi racchiusi nella Dichiarazione universale sulla bioetica e i diritti dell’uomo del 2005, insieme al ruolo guida della Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, la Dichiarazione congiunta offre allo stesso tempo una prospettiva privilegiata sui contenuti della bioetica globale. La crisi di Ebola è una emergenza sanitaria di portata internazionale. Questa, tuttavia, non è una responsabilità ristretta a scienziati e personale sanitario. E questo è il punto in cui gli sforzi contro l’epidemia incontrano il concetto di bioetica che viene sviluppato nella Dichiarazione universale del 2005 attraverso due passaggi decisivi. Il primo è l’inclusione del diritto di ogni essere umano a godere del più alto livello ottenibile di salute. Il secondo passo è fatto con la focalizzazione sui fattori sociali determinanti per la salute e sulle profonde disuguaglianze che ne derivano. La scienza è ovviamente fondamentale. Ma l’etica e la politica sono altrettanto importanti, anche in vista di un nuovo concetto della condivisione dei benefici del progresso scientifico. ---------- The Joint statement on the Ebola virus epidemic, made by the International Bioethics Committee and the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee of UNESCO on September 10th, 2014 provides an illustrative example of the broad strategy that is required, in order to fight successfully against the Ebola crisis in West Africa and prevent the outbreak of similar scourges in the future. The international community and States are called upon not only to encourage the efforts carried out by researchers, with a view to the development and availability of effective treatments, but also to define and implement programmes that involve local populations, taking into account the social and cultural context of the countries affected, as well as to reinforce their health care systems. Recalling the importance of the principles enshrined in the Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights of 2005, together with the leading role of the World Health Organization, the Joint statement offers at the same time a privileged perspective on what global bioethics is about. The Ebola crisis is a public health emergency of international concern. However, this is not a responsibility restricted to scientists and health professionals. This is where the efforts against the epidemic overlap the concept of bioethics worked out in the Universal declaration of 2005 through two decisive steps. The first one is the inclusion of the right of every human being to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. The second step is made by focusing on the social determinants of health, together with the deep inequalities that stem thereof. Science is obviously key. Ethics and politics are as important, also in view of a new idea of sharing of benefits of scientific progress.

Scientific Progress: A Philosophical Essay on the Economics of Research in Natural Science.

Noûs ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Michale Ruse ◽  
Nicholas Rescher
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Philosophical Essay

scholarly journals Psychology’s Potential for Reconciliation with Spiritual and Religious Traditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Walsh-Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Human Science ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Critical Education ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Spirituality And Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ecological Metaphor

In exploring psychology’s relationship with spirituality and religion, I argue that natural-science psychologists have tended to repress their discipline’s spiritual and religious heritage. History of psychology textbooks sharply distinguish “objective” psychology from “subjective” philosophy, theology, religion, and spirituality, while glossing over historical anomalies such as natural-science psychologists’ ambivalent stance regarding psychoanalysis. Psychologists’ scientism (“worship” of the experimental model, technology, scientific progress, and materialist conceptions of the soul) militates against resolving persistent, disciplinary tensions between objectivity and subjectivity. Rather than emulating psychology, social workers should turn to their own traditions and develop a human-science orientation for their profession. When theorizing, they could connect empowerment and the ecological metaphor with these concepts’ spiritual base. When researching, social workers could foster more active roles for their participants and could write their research articles in more personalized, inter-subjective, and contextualized ways. When educating, they could incorporate critical education in process and content.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document