scholarly journals NVA a upadek muru berlińskiego

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Roman Kochnowski
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
The Third ◽  
German Army ◽  
Party Control ◽  
German States ◽  
East German

Nva and the fall of the Berlin Wall Contrary to the arrangements from Potsdam, the remilitarization of both German states began as early as 1950. In 1956 the East German army was officially created under the name of the National People’s Army. The NVA was organized into four branches: Ground Forces (Landesstreitkräfte), Navy (Volksmarine), Air Force (Luftstreitkräfte) and Border Troops (Grenztruppen). In the years 1956–1990 they were the third largest (after the Soviet and Polish army) armed forces of the Warsaw Pact. As in other armies of the Eastern Bloc, the NVA was subject to strict party control. However, when the Berlin Wall was overthrown, this army remained a passive observer of events. After the reunification of Germany, only a few of its officers and soldiers were taken over by the Bundeswehr.

Arming the Third World

Worldview ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Gene R. LaRocque ◽  
Stephen D. Goose
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
The Third ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Nuclear Arms

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. those who are cold and are not clothed.— President Dwight D. Eisenhower April 16, 1953Often ignored in the flurry of contradictory facts and figures, charges and countercharges about the nuclear arms race between the U.S. and the USSR and the conventional arms race between NATO and the Warsaw Pact is the degree to which Third World nations have been building large and increasingly potent armed forces. During the 1970s, Third World nations—some 130 of the world's 161 nations—spent more than $800 billion on military forces and munitions.

Maximum Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2020) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Margo Okazawa-Rey ◽  
Gwyn Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Air Force ◽  
International Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Latina Women ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Class Youth

Okazawa-Rey and Kirk argue that the term maximum security, used in the context of the prison system, is an oxymoron. Jails, prisons, and other ‘correctional’ facilities provide no real security for communities, guards and other prison officials, or inmates. Imprisoning two million people, building more prisons, identifying poor and working-class youth of colour as ‘gang members,’ and criminalizing poor Black and Latina women does not increase security. Rather, the idea of security must be redefined in sharp contrast to everyday notions of personal security that are based on the protection of material possessions by locks and physical force, as well as prevailing definitions of national and international security based on a militarization that includes the police, border patrols, and armed forces such as the Navy, Army, Marines, and Air Force. To achieve genuine security, we must address the major sources of insecurity: economic, social, and political inequalities among and within nations and communities. The continual objectification of ‘others’ is a central mechanism underlying systems of oppression—and insecurity—based on class, race, gender, nation, and other significant lines of difference.

Into the Maze of Tribalism 2004–6

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Third ◽  
Two Sides

Chapter 5 reconstructs the course and the dynamics of the first three rounds of the Houthi conflict, also called the ‘Ṣaʿdah War’, from its eruption in June 2004 until the February 2006 ceasefire, which successfully brought the third Ṣaʿdah War to a halt and ushered into several months of detente. It shows how, in the course of the war, the sectarian and social-revolutionary thrust of Houthism began to fuse with existing open and latent conflicts in Yemen’s North, a process that led to an enormous expansion of the war’s scope and magnitude. It analyses the course of the war’s first three rounds, the composition of the national military and Houthi armed forces, their respective supporters and opponents among the local tribes, and attempts at mediation between the two sides.

scholarly journals Game Theory-Based Analysis of Local Governments’ Behavioral Dissimilation in the Third-Party Soil Pollution Control under Chinese-Style Fiscal Decentralization

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Caihua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Party Control ◽  
The Third Party

The participation of a third party of the environmental service enterprise theoretically increases the level and efficiency of soil pollution control in China. However, Chinese-style fiscal decentralization may have a negative impact on the behaviors of participants, especially the local government. First, this paper conducts a positioning analysis on participants of the third-party soil pollution control in China and discusses the behavioral dissimilation of the local government under fiscal decentralization. Second, taking the government’s third-party soil pollution control as a case, a two-party game model of the central government and the local government is established around the principal-agent relationship, and a tripartite game model of the central government, the local government, and the third-party enterprise is designed around the collusion between the local government and the third-party enterprise. The results show that Chinese-style fiscal decentralization may lead to the behavioral dissimilation of local governments, that is, they may choose not to implement or passively implement the third-party control, and choose to conspire with third-party enterprises. Improving the benefits from implementing the third-party control of local governments and third-party enterprises, enhancing the central government’s supervision probability and capacity, and strengthening the central government’s punishment for behavioral dissimilation are conducive to the implementation of the third-party soil pollution control. Finally, this study puts forward policy suggestions on dividing the administrative powers between the central and local government in third-party control, building appraisal systems for the local government’s environmental protection performance, constructing environmental regulation mechanisms involving the government, market and society, and formulating the incentive and restraint policies for the participants in the third-party soil pollution control.

Analysis of the results of medical examination of citizens of draft age

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Kuzmin ◽  
Lyubov Kuzminichna Grigorieva ◽  
Kargla Amanzhulovna Izbagambetova
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Outpatient Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

In the context of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the issues of recruiting troops with healthy, physically developed and mentally stable young conscripts are of paramount importance. Only citizens "A" - fit for military service and "B" fit for military service with minor restrictions are subject to conscription. When analyzing the results of medical examination of persons of military age, it was found that over the studied period of time, fitness for military service for health reasons decreased by 3.8% (from 78.3% in 2016 to 74.5% in 2020). However, despite the general decrease in fitness for military service, there is an increase in the fitness for military service "A" by 13.5% (from 23.4% in 2016 to 36.9% in 2020). Every year, during the period of work of the draft commissions, a significant number of citizens (more than 10%) were sent for additional examination to medical organizations. As a rule, the examination of conscripts was carried out on an outpatient basis (up to 85%) and much less often in an inpatient setting (up to 15%). The first place was occupied by diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, which accounted for 24.9%. Mental and behavioral disorders ranked second with an indicator of 18.7%. The third place was taken by diseases of the circulatory system - 14.9%. Diseases of the eye and adnexa ranked fourth - 8.2%. Diseases of the digestive system were less common, accounting for only 4.5%. Thus, in total, the listed diseases accounted for 71.2% and were the main ones in determining the fitness of conscripts for military service for health reasons.

The Principles of State Governance of the German Democratic Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 1(21) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kuźnik
Keyword(s):  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
German States ◽  
East German ◽  
State Governance ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
National Defence

The aim of this article is to present the principles underlying the political system in force in the German Democratic Republic between 1949 and 1990, with a particular emphasis on the issue of the state of emergency law. The article describes the two Constitutions from 1949 and 1968 and the state institutions established under them, including the GDR People's Chamber, the Council of Ministers, the GDR State Council and the National Defence Council. It also discusses the constitutional solutions within the scope of the emergency law. The legal basis for the protection of the border between the two then existing German states was also considered. This article is based on the two East German Constitutions, other legal acts and on the principles of East German and Polish doctrine. The article consists of an introduction, three parts and a summary.

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