scholarly journals Effect of kinematic viscosity variation with blended-oil biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emission in a power tiller engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-959
Author(s):  
Duk Gam Woo ◽  
Tae Han Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Irradiation ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Blend Ratio

The optimum conditions for producing biodiesel by combining beef tallow, a waste resource with high saturated fatty acid content, and soybean oil, which has high unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of biodiesel by using heating and ultrasonic irradiation were verified, and their impacts on engine performance and exhaust emissions were evaluated. The result shows that the optimum production conditions are a blend ratio of TASO3 (soybean oil to tallow blend ratio of 7:3) and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Kinematic viscosity reduction experiment results showed that the kinematic viscosity reduction effects of ultrasonic irradiation and heating were similar, but the heating device is considered more effective because it is simpler and cheaper than the ultrasonic device. Experiment results on output performance and exhaust performance showed that the engine performance and exhaust performance of the fuel with reduced kinematic viscosity were higher than those of the untreated fuel. However, the output of biodiesel was lower than those of conventional diesel (CD) due to the low calorific value of biodiesel; the NOx and CO2 emissions of biodiesel were higher than those of CD, but the CO and HC emissions of biodiesel were lower.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals an Efficient Mechanism of α-Linolenic Acid in Tree Peony Seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyu Zhang ◽  
Rui Yu ◽  
Daoyang Sun ◽  
Md Rahman ◽  
Lihang Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Genes

Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) species are woody oil crops with high unsaturated fatty acid content, including α-linolenic acid (ALA/18:3; >40% of the total fatty acid). Comparative transcriptome analyses were carried out to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for high and low ALA content in the developing seeds of P. rockii and P. lutea, respectively. Expression analysis of acyl lipid metabolism genes revealed upregulation of select genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis, acyl editing, desaturation, and triacylglycerol assembly in seeds of P. rockii relative to P. lutea. Also, in association with ALA content in seeds, transcript levels for fatty acid desaturases (SAD, FAD2, and FAD3), which encode enzymes necessary for polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis, were higher in P. rockii compared to P. lutea. Furthermore, the overexpression of PrFAD2 and PrFAD3 in Arabidopsis increased linoleic and ALA content, respectively, and modulated the final ratio 18:2/18:3 in the seed oil. In conclusion, we identified the key steps and validated the necessary desaturases that contribute to efficient ALA synthesis in a woody oil crop. Together, these results will aid to increase essential fatty acid content in seeds of tree peonies and other crops of agronomic interest.

scholarly journals Molecular Distillation-Induced Deacidification of Soybean Oil Isolated by Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction: Effect of Distillation Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Han ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Bao-Kun Qi ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Feng-Ying Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Molecular Distillation ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Aqueous Extraction ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Evaporator Temperature

Soybean oil isolated by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAE) was subjected to molecular distillation-induced deacidification, and the effects of evaporator temperature, scraper speed, and feed flow rate on oil quality (acid value, color, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, tocopherol content, and fatty acid content) were evaluated to determine the suitable deacidification conditions. Fatty acid content was largely unaffected by evaporator temperature and scraper speed, while an increase of these parameters decreased tocopherol content as well as acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine values and resulted in Lovibond color deepening. The increase of feed flow rate had an opposite effect on the above quality indices. As a result, molecular distillation of EAE-produced soybean oil under suitable conditions (evaporator temperature = 180 °C, scraper speed = 220 rpm, feed flow rate = 4 mL/min) was found to afford a high-quality deacidified product in an environmentally friendly way.

Effect of light intensity on the ultrastructure of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
C. S. Bricker ◽  
S. R. Barnum ◽  
B. Huang ◽  
J. G. Jaworskl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Anabaena Variabilis ◽  
Chloroplast Envelope ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Effect Of Light

Cyanobacteria are Gram negative prokaryotes that are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Although there are many similarities between eukaryotes and cyanobacteria in electron transfer and phosphorylation during photosynthesis, there are two features of the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria which distinguishes them from plants. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins organized in phycobilisomes on the surface of photosynthetic membrane. Another difference is in the organization of the photosynthetic membranes. Instead of stacked thylakolds within a chloroplast envelope membrane, as seen In eukaryotes, IntracytopIasmlc membranes generally are arranged in three to six concentric layers. Environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition and light fluency can significantly affect the physiology and morphology of cells. The effect of light Intensity shifts on the ultrastructure of Internal membrane in Anabaena variabilis grown under controlled environmental conditions was examined. Since a major constituent of cyanobacterial thylakolds are lipids, the fatty acid content also was measured and correlated with uItrastructural changes. The regulation of fatty acid synthesis in cyanobacteria ultimately can be studied if the fatty acid content can be manipulated.

Determination of fatty acid content in some edible insects of Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Pino Moreno ◽  
A. Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Edible Insects

In the present paper we have determined the fatty acid content of some edible insects of Mexico. A comparative analysis of the insect species studied in this research showed that caproic acid was present in a minimal proportion which ranged between 0.01 for Periplaneta americana (nymphs) and 0.06 (g/100 g, dry basis) for Euschistus strenuus. The highest proportion of caprilic acid (0.09) was found in Tenebrio molitor (adults). Atta sp. had the highest amount of capric acid (0.26). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in lauric acid (0.77) and for myristic acid it had the highest content (5.64). Dactylopius sp. and E. strenuus were rich in palmitic acid (14.89). Euschistus taxcoensis had the highest quantity of palmitoleic acid (12.06). Llaveia axin exhibited the highest quantity of stearic acid (22.75). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in oleic acid (38.28). The highest quantity of linoleic acid was observed in T. molitor (larvae) (10.89), and in L. axin the highest content of linolenic acid (7.82) was obtained. A comparison between the species under the present investigation revealed that, in general, the insects are poor in caproic, caprilic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids, because the quantities were either minimal or could not be detected at all. They had moderate quantities of stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids and had high quantities of oleic acid. Finally it was concluded that although a particular insect species is unable to fulfil the total fatty acid need for a human, if consumed in combination they could definitely be able to supply a good amount of this highly valued nutrient.

scholarly journals Production Performance of Moina macrocopa (Straus 1820) (Crustacea, Cladocera) Cultured in Different Salinities: The Effect on Growth, Survival, Reproduction, and Fatty Acid Composition of the Neonates

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Amirah Yuslan ◽  
Sharifah Najuwa ◽  
Atsushi Hagiwara ◽  
Mazlan A. Ghaffar ◽  
Hidayu Suhaimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Moina Macrocopa ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

Salinity is a known factor in shaping population dynamics and community structure through direct and indirect effects on aquatic ecosystems. Salinity changes further influence food webs through competition and predation. The responses of Moina macrocopa (Cladocera) collected from Setiu Wetland lagoon (Terengganu) was evaluated through manipulative laboratory experiments to understand the ability of M. macrocopa to tolerate high salinity stress. Specifically, the fatty acid composition, growth, survival, and reproduction of this cladocerans species was examined. Sodium chloride (NaCl) as used in the treatments water with the concentration 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 15 salinity. Fatty acid levels were determined using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that optimal conditions produced the highest fatty acid content, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acid content, such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), ALA (alpha-linoleic acid), ARA (arachidonic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Furthermore, M. macrocopa survival was best at salinity 0, with a percentage of 98%, whereas the opposite occurred at salinity 15, with approximately 20% of viable animals surviving. Besides, M. macrocopa also showed the highest reproduction rate at salinity 0 (e.g., average initial age of reproduction, 4.33 ± 0.58 days) compared with other salinities level. Interestingly, the difference in growth at different salinities was not evident, an unusual finding when considering adverse effects such as osmoregulation pressure on the organism. Based on the results, we conclude that M. macrocopa can only tolerate salinity below salinity 8 and cannot withstand stressful environmental conditions associated with salinities above 8.

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