LIPIDS 0F SEEDS MEDICAGO SATIVA, AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS AND AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS, GROWING IN GEORGIA

There is studied chemical composition of neutral and polar lipids of the seeds of: Medicago sativa, Amaranlhus cmentus and Amaranthus retroflexus growing in Georgia. The composition of free fatty acids was determined with help GLC and HPLC. There is determined class and fatty acidal composition of them, qualitative and quantitative determination of phospholipids is carried. There is elaborated various medicinal forms from Medicago sativat.

Combination of Synergic Enzymes and Ultrasounds as an Effective Pretreatment Process to Break Microalgal Cell Wall and Enhance Algal Oil Extraction

Microalgal biomass is a sustainable source of bioactive lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of neutral and polar lipids from microalgae requires alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pretreatment. In this work, a combined ultrasound and enzymatic process using commercial enzymes Viscozyme, Celluclast, and Alcalase was optimized as a pretreatment method for Nannochloropsis gaditana, where the Folch method was used for lipid extraction. Significant differences were observed among the used enzymatic pretreatments, combined with ultrasound bath or probe-type sonication. To further optimize this method, ranges of temperatures (35, 45, and 55 °C) and pH (4, 5, and 8) were tested, and enzymes were combined at the best conditions. Subsequently, simultaneous use of three hydrolytic enzymes rendered oil yields of nearly 29%, showing a synergic effect. To compare enzymatic pretreatments, neutral and polar lipids distribution of Nannochloropsis was determined by HPLC–ELSD. The highest polar lipids content was achieved employing ultrasound-assisted enzymatic pretreatment (55 °C and 6 h), whereas the highest glycolipid (44.54%) and PE (2.91%) contents were achieved using Viscozyme versus other enzymes. The method was applied to other microalgae showing the potential of the optimized process as a practical alternative to produce valuable lipids for nutraceutical applications.

Omega 3 Improves Both apoB100-containing Lipoprotein Turnover and their Sphingolipid Profile in Hypertriglyceridemia

Context Evidence for an association between sphingolipids and metabolic disorders is increasingly reported. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) improve apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)-containing lipoprotein metabolism, but their effects on the sphingolipid content in lipoproteins remain unknown. Objectives In subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, we analyzed the effect of n-3 LC-PUFAs on the turnover apoB100-containing lipoproteins and on their sphingolipid content and looked for the possible association between these lipid levels and apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover parameters. Methods Six subjects underwent a kinetic study before and after n-3 supplementation for 2 months with 1 g of fish oil 3 times day containing 360 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 240 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of triglycerides. We examined apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover by primed perfusion labeled [5,5,5-2H3]-leucine and determined kinetic parameters using a multicompartmental model. We quantified sphingolipid species content in lipoproteins using mass spectrometry. Results Supplementation decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride, and apoB100 concentrations. The VLDL neutral and polar lipids showed increased n-3 LC-PUFA and decreased n-6 LC-PUFA content. The conversion rate of VLDL1 to VLDL2 and of VLDL2 to LDL was increased. We measured a decrease in total apoB100 production and VLDL1 production. Supplementation reduced the total ceramide concentration in VLDL while the sphingomyelin content in LDL was increased. We found positive correlations between plasma palmitic acid and VLDL ceramide and between VLDL triglyceride and VLDL ceramide, and inverse correlations between VLDL n-3 LC-PUFA and VLDL production. Conclusion Based on these results, we hypothesize that the improvement in apoB100 metabolism during n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation is contributed to by changes in sphingolipids

Neutral and polar lipid fatty acids in five families of demersal and pelagic fish from the deep Northwest Atlantic

Fatty acids in neutral and polar lipids were used to investigate trophic connections in species from five families of demersal (Rajella fyllae, Malacoraja senta, Alepocephalus bairdii, Borostomias antarcticus) and pelagic fish (Bathytroctes macrolepis, Lampanyctus spp., Chaulidos sloani, Serrivomer beanii) sampled in the deep Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland, Canada. Lipid extracts were fractionated into neutral, acetone-mobile polar, and phospholipids to separate fatty acids in storage from those in membranes. Multivariate analysis of fatty acids showed that there were greater differences among the three lipid fractions than there were among the species when all fatty acid fractions were considered together. Neutral lipid fatty acids were characterized by monoenes, acetone-mobile polar lipids (AMPL) by C18 polyenes, and phospholipids by 16:0 and DHA. Multivariate analysis of fatty acids in phospholipids showed a strong grouping by taxonomic family (>80% similarity), while the neutral lipid fatty acids showed a weaker grouping by family (72.5% similarity) but groupings that also related to habitat and vertical migration. The neutral lipid data supported the use of 20:1ω9 as a biomarker of calanoid copepods and of 16:1ω7 as a marker of diatoms to determine food web connections in deep-sea fish, but not some other common markers. In addition, correlations with δ15N showed that series of ω6 and ω7 fatty acids were trophically transferred though neutral lipids, especially the essential fatty acid, ARA. Neutral lipids were also reservoirs for essential ω3 fatty acids in demersal species, but the major reservoir for DHA was AMPL and phospholipid in pelagic species.

STUDY OF THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF SOME PLANTS GROWING IN GEORGIA

Sums of neutral and polar lipids were extracted from the fruits of Vitis vinifera and pericarpium of Physalis alkekengi L.; their main classes and physical-chemical constants of some neutral lipids were determined. The saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phospholipids- lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinosite, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine were identified in them. The content of carotenoids is up 2,5 mg% and 65,5mg% in Vitis vinifera and Physalis alkekengi L. respectively. Amino acids were detected in studied species. The oils from both plants are characterized with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, choleretic and immunotropic activities, they can be used in medicine for curative and preventive purposes.