scholarly journals Potential of Carica papaya peels as effective biocatalyst in the optimized parametric transesterification of used vegetable oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 200299-0
Author(s):  
A.O. Etim ◽  
Andrew C. Eloka-Eboka ◽  
P. Musonge
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Used Vegetable Oil

This study investigates the effectiveness of a base heterogenous catalyst derived from waste Carica papaya peels in the transesterification of used vegetable oil (UVO). The calcined Carica papaya peels (CCPP) were characterised using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The EDX result indicated that the ash contains various minerals with potassium (K) as the main active element in remove for the charge of the high catalytic activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimise and investigate the effect of the critical process parameters which include: the reaction time (50 – 70 min), catalyst loading (2.5 – 4.5 wt%) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (9:1 – 15:1). The optimal reaction condition for the transesterification process was found to be catalyst loading of 3.5 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, process reaction time of 60 min at constant reaction temperature of 65 <sup>o</sup>C which resulted in the maximum biodiesel yield of 97.5 wt%. The quality of the produced biodiesel was in agreement with ASTM standards. The catalyst was reused up to three times with minimal decrease in the catalytic activity in the biodiesel conversion. The study demonstrates the potential of waste biomass feedstocks in the production of sustainable biodiesel fuel.

Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Thaweethong Inkaew ◽  
Laorrut Kodephun ◽  
Wipada Yenying ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Silicate Produced from Corncobs as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Alwi Gery Agustan Siregar ◽  
Renita Manurung ◽  
Taslim Taslim
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

In this study, silica derived from corncobs impregnated with sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium silicate was calcined, prepared, and employed as a solid base catalyst for the conversion of oils to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the biodiesel products. The optimum catalyst conditions were calcination temperature of 400 °C for 2 h, catalyst loading of 2%, and methanol: oil molar ratio of 12:1 at 60 °C for 60 min, that resulted in a yield of 79.49%. The final product conforms to the selected biodiesel fuel properties of European standard (EN14214) specifications. Calcined corncob-derived sodium silicate showed high potential for use as a low-cost, high-performance, simple-to-prepare solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.

Nanosized Pt-Co Catalysts for the Preferential CO Oxidation

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3567-3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Yong Ko ◽  
Eun Duck Park ◽  
Kyung Won Seo ◽  
Hyun Chul Lee ◽  
Doohwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Co Oxidation ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Preferential Co Oxidation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Temperature Programmed

The preferential CO oxidation in the presence of excess hydrogen was studied over Pt-Co/γ-Al2O3. CO chemisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) were conducted to characterize active catalysts. The catalytic activity for CO oxidation and methanation at low temperatures increased with the amounts of cobalt in Pt-Co/γ-Al2O3. This accompanied the TPR peak shift to lower temperatures. The optimum molar ratio between Co and Pt was determined to be 10. The co-impregnated Pt-Co/γ-Al2O3 appeared to be superior to Pt/Co/γ-Al2O3 and Co/Pt/γ-Al2O3. The reductive pretreatment at high temperature such as 773 K increased the CO2 selectivity over a wide reaction temperature. The bimetallic phase of Pt-Co seems to give rise to high catalytic activity in selective oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream.

Utilization of Waste Enamel Venus Shell as Friendly Environmental Catalyst for Synthesis of Biodiesel

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Teera Sriboonraung ◽  
Kittika Ruangnam ◽  
Pattarapon Imsombati ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Environmental Catalyst ◽  
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Alkali Catalysts

Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the most promising heterogeneous alkali catalysts since it is cheap, abundantly available in nature, and some of the sources of this compound are renewable (waste material consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)). In this study, the waste enamel venus shell was used as the raw material for CaO catalyst. The calcination of bio-waste was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the experimental results, it was found that the CaO catalysts derived from waste material showed good catalytic activity (the conversion of oil of nearly 93%, a very similar catalytic activity with laboratory CaO) and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Surfactant-Enhanced Metal Oxides Catalyst for Catalytic Ozonation Ammonia in Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunnen Chen ◽  
Lin Guo ◽  
Chang Li
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Catalytic Ozonation ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
X Ray

The new surfactant-enhanced metal oxides composite catalysts have been prepared using solid state method and characterized by the N2-adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Catalytic activity of the synthesized powders has been investigated in the liquid-phase catalytic ozonation ammonia nitrogen (NH4+) (50 mg/L). Especially, the effect of parameters such as optimum molar ratio for metal salt, NaOH and surfactants, temperature, and time of calcinations was also considered. Leveraging both high catalytic activity in NH4+degradation and more harmless selectivity for gaseous nitrogen, the CTAB/NiO catalyst is the best among 24 tested catalysts, which was generated by calcining NiCl2·6H2O, NaOH, and CTAB under the molar ratio 1:2.1:0.155 at 300 °C for 2 h. With CTAB/NiO, NH4+ removal rate was 95.93% and gaseous nitrogen selectivity was 80.98%, under the conditions of a pH of 9, ozone flow of 12 mg/min, dosage of catalyst 1.0 g/L, reaction time 120 min, and magnetic stirring speed 600 r/min in room temperature.

scholarly journals Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Peel Waste as a Novel Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Moringa Oil Methyl Esters Synthesis: Process Optimization and Kinetic Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5834
Author(s):  
Babatunde Oladipo ◽  
Tunde V Ojumu ◽  
Lekan M Latinwo ◽  
Eriola Betiku
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated pawpaw (Carica papaya) peel ash as a green solid base catalyst for Moringa oleifera oil methyl esters (MOOME) production. Taguchi orthogonal array approach was used to examine the impact of vital process input variables (calcined pawpaw peel (CPP) loading, reaction temperature, methanol-to-M. oleifera oil (MeOH:MOO) molar ratio and reaction time) on the MOOME yield. Catalytic potency potential of the CPP was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results obtained indicate that the CPP consists of nanoparticles and alkaline elements K (23.89 wt.%), Ca (2.86 wt.%) and Mg (1.00 wt.%). The high values of coefficient of determination, R2 (0.9992) and adjusted R2 (0.9968) as well as the low value of the coefficient of variation (0.31%) for the model developed indicate it can be used to sufficiently describe the transesterification process. MOOME yield of 96.43 ± 0.10 wt.% was achieved at the optimum values of 3.5 wt.% CPP loading, 9:1 MeOH:MOO molar ratio, 35 °C reaction temperature and 40 min reaction time. The kinetic modeling of the transesterification process determined the reaction rate constant and overall reaction order as 0.20465 L·mol−1·s−1 and 2, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate both CPP and MOO are feasible renewable resources for MOOME production. The kinetic data generated may be useful in reactor design for the transesterification process.

scholarly journals Study of the Catalytic Activity of the Compounds Hydrotalcite Type Treated by Microwave in the Self-Condensation of Acetone

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jamal Houssaini ◽  
Mohammed Naciri Bennani ◽  
Hamid Ziyat ◽  
Said Arhzaf ◽  
O. Qabaqous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diacetone Alcohol

The self-condensation reaction of acetone, producing diacetone alcohol (DAA), is of great industrial importance. It was used to study the catalytic activity of Mg-Al catalysts synthesized by the coprecipitation method. For this purpose, we synthesized Mg-Al based hydrotalcite with a molar ratio of 3, obtained either after conventional heating or after microwave irradiation with of 100 W for three minutes. Structural and chemical properties of the obtained catalysts were characterized, using different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and specific surface area of the catalysts were determined by the methylene blue (MB) adsorption method. Also, these catalysts were tested in the self-condensation reaction of acetone at 273 K in the liquid phase without solvent, a reaction which requires very high catalytic activity. The microwave treatment improves the catalyst activity, and the conversion of acetone to diacetone alcohol increases from 13.2 to 18.3% after 8 h of reaction. Moreover, the microwave-treated hydrotalcite catalyst, calcined at 723 K and rehydrated under a flow of N2, is the most active and gives conversion of acetone of 52% under the same reaction conditions.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

The Influence of Fe/Al Molar Ratio on Microreactor-Based Catalyst Preparation and Carbon Nanotube Preparation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Ting Qun Tan ◽  
Lei Geng ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Yan He
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

In order to prepare carbon nanotubes with high specific surface area, small diameter, low resistivity, high purity and high catalytic activity, the Fe-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared based on the microreactor. The influence of different Fe/Al molar ratios on the catalyst and the carbon nanotubes prepared was studied through BET, SEM, TEM and other detection methods. Studies have shown that the pore structure of the catalyst is dominated by slit pores at a lower Fe/Al molar ratio. The catalytic activity is the highest when the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:1, reaching 74.1%. When the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:2, the catalyst has a higher specific surface area, the maximum pore size is 8.63 nm, and the four-probe resistivity and ash content of the corresponding carbon nanotubes are the lowest. The higher the proportion of aluminum, the higher the specific surface area of the catalyst and the carbon nanotubes, and the finer the diameter of the carbon nanotubes, which gradually tends to relax. The results show that when the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:2, although the catalytic activity of the catalyst is not the highest, the carbon nanotubes prepared have the best performance.

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