scholarly journals Defamation on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Sandra Sakolciová
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Cross Border

There is no doubt that social media have become a very important part of many people’s everyday life. The consequences of their usage is an increased engagement in defamation, most likely due to the aspect of anonymity present in the online environment. Such cross-border (or more precisely border-less) defamation raises difficult challenges in terms of jurisdiction and applicable law. These challenges, which will be analysed in more detail in the article, remain unresolved up until today. Moreover, negative effects occur not only within private international law itself, but status quo significantly influences the exercise of basic human rights, too. Besides analysing the existing EU legal framework and applicable case-law, the article also looks into the possible alternatives.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 14 Ethiopia: Ethiopian Perspectives on the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebremeskel Fekadu Petros
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Party Autonomy ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Federal Supreme

This chapter reflects on Ethiopian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Ethiopia does not have a codified law regulating matters of private international law, nor is there detailed case law from which one could derive key principles of the subject. While the shortage of private international law in Ethiopia is evident, the problem is most severe in the area of applicable law. In relation to party autonomy in choice of law, the Federal Supreme Court’s Cassation Division has handed down some interesting decisions, and these indeed have the force of law in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the approach of the Ethiopian courts in respect of party autonomy is not very developed and clear, including in the field of international commercial contracts. While it would be prudent for Ethiopian courts to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority, this requires awareness of the existence of the Hague Principles. In the long term, the Hague Principles will surely find their way into Ethiopian law.

scholarly journals Las insolvencias transfronterizas en la Unión Europea: perspectivas jurisprudenciales y retos = Cross-border insolvencies in the European Union: recent case law and new challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Elisa Torralba Mendiola
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Insolvency Proceedings

  Resumen: El Reglamento 848/2015, sobre procedimientos de insolvencia regula los problemas de Derecho internacional privado que suscitan las situaciones concursales en el ámbito de la Unión Euro­pea. En este trabajo se analiza la más reciente jurisprudencia del TJUE en materia concursal y los retos que se plantean a día de hoy en el tratamiento de la materia, que ponen de relieve la necesidad de adaptar la aplicación de los textos legales a situaciones políticas –y jurídicas– cambiantes.Palabras clave: insolvencia, cooperación, competencia.Abstract: Regulation 2015/848 on Insolvency Proceedings rules the private international law mat­ters regarding insolvencies within the European Union. This paper analyses the most recent case law of the EUCJ and the challenges actually existing in this area, that evidence the need to adapt the application of the rules to the changing legal and political context.Keywords: insolvency, cooperation, jurisdiction.

scholarly journals Consumer contracts in the European Court of Justice case law. Latest trends = Los contratos de consumo en la jurisprudencia del TJUE. Últimas tendencias

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Alfonso-Luis Calvo Caravaca
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Consumer Contract ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
European Court ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Consumer Contracts ◽  
Private Individual

Abstract: The concept of “consumer” is, in theory, a restrictive concept. However, the ECJ has now extended it to cases in which a private individual has gone on to practice as a professional in an manifest, public and conspicuous manner. Judgment ECJ 25 January 2018, C-498/16, Facebook proves it. In relation to consumers of financial products, the ECJ skillfully pulls strings in the context of art. 7.2 BR I-bis; however, that norm is totally insensitive with regards to the consumer. The future is stepping forward towards online mass consumption, and in the present virtual social landscape it is necessary for the ECJ to open up new ways of protecting the consumer that keep up with times. In this context, it is necessary that future amendments to the Brussels I-bis Regulation incorporate the concepts that the ECJ has created in relation to jurisdiction in the cross-border consumer sector: the concepts of “act of consumption”, “consumer”, “professional”, and “directed activity”, for example, should stop being jurisprudential concepts to become legal concepts.Keywords: act of consumption, consumer, consumer contract, cross-border consumer sector, directed activity, dual contracts with both private and professional purpose, (international) jurisdiction, Private International Law, professional.Resumen: El concepto de “consumidor” es, en teoría, un concepto restrictivo. Sin embargo, el TJUE lo ha extendido a casos en los que un particular, en el momento presente, ha pasado a ejercer como profesional de manera evidente, pública y notoria. La STJUE 25 enero 2018, C-498/16, Facebook, es la prueba. En relación con los consumidores de productos financieros, el TJUE mueve sus hilos con destreza en el contexto del art. 7.2 RB I-bis, pero este precepto es totalmente insensible al consumidor. El futuro camina digitalmente hacia un consumo masivo online y en dicho paisaje social virtual es necesario que el TJUE abra vías de protección al consumidor de un modo evolutivo. En dicho contexto, es preciso que futuras reformas del Reglamento Bruselas I-bis incorporen los conceptos que el TJUE ha creado en relación con la competencia judicial en el sector del consumo transfronterizo: los conceptos de “acto de consumo”, “consumidor”, “profesional”, y “actividad dirigida”, por ejemplo, deberían dejar de ser conceptos jurisprudenciales para pasar a ser conceptos legales.Palabras clave: acto de consumo, competencia judicial internacional, consumidor, consumo transfronterizo, contrato de consumidores, contratos con doble finalidad profesional y privada, Derecho internacional privado, profesional, actividad dirigida.

30 South Korea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Suhn-Kyoung ◽  
Cheong Seong-Koo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insolvency Proceedings ◽  
Governing Law

This chapter discusses the law of set-off in South Korea, along with certain restrictions on the exercise of the right of set-off in insolvency proceedings. The legal framework for set-off in South Korea is based on the Civil Code. The courts have also generally supported set-off as a means of satisfying a claim or discharging debt. The Korean Private International Law does not expressly lay down the governing law for set-off. This governing law issue is commonly discussed under two scenarios: set-off is undertaken on the basis of a set-off agreement between the parties; and set-off is undertaken in the absence of an agreement. The chapter first considers the governing law of contractual and non-contractual set-off in South Korea before turning to set-off between solvent parties and set-off against insolvent parties. It also analyses issues arising in cross-border set-off.

scholarly journals Enclave Governance and Transnational Labour Law – A Case Study of Chinese Workers on Strike in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifeng Chen ◽  
Ulla Liukkunen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Equatorial Guinea ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
Economic Globalisation

This article examines deficits in the current legal framework of posted workers in a global setting through a case study involving Chinese posted workers striking in Equatorial Guinea. Posting highlights the challenges that economic globalisation and transformation of the labour market pose to labour law. As a phenomenon whose normativity is deeply embedded in the cross-border setting where it occurs, posting should profoundly affect the transnational labour law agenda. The emergence of transnational labour law should be seen from the perspective of reconceptualising existing normative regimes in the light of an underpinning transnationality and sketching the architecture for the normative edifice of transnational labour protection. The transnational legal context under scrutiny calls for a wider normative framework where the intersections between labour law, international law and private international law are taken seriously. Global protection of posted workers should be a featured project on the transnational labour law agenda.

Protection of the Individual in Recent Private International Law Codification in Latin America

2019 ◽  
pp. 251-267
Author(s):  
Sebastián Paredes
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Civil Codes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches

This chapter presents an overview of the recent developments in Latin American private international law acts and civil codes for cross-border cases. International jurisdiction, applicable law and international judicial co-operation in recent private international law rules contained in national sources are the focus of analysis with special attention to solutions given by traditional approaches and theories but also by modern ones like the possibility to use non-State law for access to justice or for international commercial contracts. Other questions addressed in this chapter are: Is the protection of individuals improved in these new laws? How Latin Americans seek to deal with the decisive upsurge of human rights principles in post-modern private international law and cross border relationships and to fulfil access to justice?

scholarly journals Steigimosi laisvė po Cartesio bylos: ES inkorporavimo doktrinos trūkumas ir to padariniai

Teisė ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Robertas Čiočys
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Freedom Of Establishment ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Real Seat

This article defines private international law doctrines of incorporation and real seat and then turns to the analysis of freedom of establishment guaranteed by the EC Treaty. The article analyses judgments of the European Court of Justice, interpreting the freedom of establishment in cases where companies tried to transfer their seats across frontiers, especially in light of the newest judgment in this area in the Cartesio case. The analysis of case law shows the link between the freedom of establishment and private international law doctrines. The article is concluded by a discussion of opportunities that free­dom of establishment provides for companies, alternatives for cross-border business restructurings and implications of rising number of these activities. Straipsnyje apibūdinamos tarptautinės privatinės teisės taikomos inkorporavimo ir buveinės doktri­nos ir tada analizuojama EB steigimo sutarties garantuojama steigimosi laisvė. Aptariama Europos Tei­singumo Teismo praktika interpretuojant steigimosi laisvę bylose, kai bendrovės bandė perkelti buveinę už valstybės ribų. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kaip supratimą keičia naujausia byla šioje srityje − Cartesio. Teis­mo praktikos analizė parodo steigimosi laisvės ir tarptautinės privatinės teisės doktrinų ryšį. Straipsnis baigiamas aptariant galimybes, kurias bendrovėms suteikia steigimosi laisvė, ir alternatyvas, kuriomis jos gali pasinaudoti, siekdamos pertvarkyti verslą, kai tai apima kelias valstybes, bei šio reiškinio dažnė­jimo padarinius.

scholarly journals Cross‑Border Mediation: Towards a Balanced Framework for Cross‑Border Dispute Resolution in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-560
Author(s):  
Martin Senftl
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Dispute ◽  
The Eu

This paper takes the entry into force of the Singapore Convention on Mediation on 12 September 2020 as an opportunity to reconsider whether the European Union has reached its once ambitious goal to create a balanced relationship between mediation and litigation in cross-border disputes. After a brief overview of the current legal framework for cross-border mediation in the EU in the first section, the meaning of the concept of a balanced relationship and its implications for the regulation of mediation in cross-border disputes are analysed. Starting with the observation that the use of cross-border mediation is still very limited, this second section argues that attempts to establish a balanced relationship in quantitative terms are misguided. Instead of attempting to correct alleged decision deficits by the parties to a dispute, the paper emphasises the regulatory responsibility of European legislators to create a level playing field for different cross-border dispute resolution mechanisms. In this respect, the third section identifies the surprising absence of private international law rules in the EU’s mediation framework as a structural disadvantage of mediation, as compared to litigation and arbitration. The last part of the paper examines in detail the interaction between mediation and the Brussels Ia Regulation to provide specific examples of legal obstacles to cross-border mediation and potential ways to overcome them.

scholarly journals Cross-Border Oil and Gas Transactions in Private International Law: Concept, Types, and Features of Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
D. V. Andriyanov
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Legal Fact ◽  
Contractual Structures

The paper proposes to refer to cross-border oil and gas transactions as contracts mediating relations in the field of international circulation of hydrocarbons. These include all transactions complicated by a foreign element (foreign entity, object, legal fact) and concluded regarding the exploration, development, processing, transfer, transportation of oil and gas as a commodity in the course of entrepreneurial and investment activities. Based on the Russian and foreign doctrine of private international law, the author examines the most common transactions in the industry, analyzes their features, and also proposes a basic classification of contractual structures. In the absence of a wide range of international treaties governing cross-border oil and gas transactions, the author concludes that the conflict of laws method of determining the applicable law is dominant. The importance of non-state regulators lex petrolea is noted, capable of complementing, but not replacing, national legal regulation.

Report on the Kyoto Guidelines of the ILA Committee on Intellectual Property and Private International Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Sutterer
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Validity Claims

Abstract In 2010 the International Law Association (ILA) formed a committee to develop a new set of rules on intellectual property and private international law. In 2020 the committee presented its work at the 79th Kyoto Conference of the ILA. The ‘Kyoto Guidelines’ cover all areas of IP and all aspects of private international law. This report presents the Kyoto Guidelines and particularly looks at four questions of private international law: initial ownership; jurisdiction and applicable law in cases of multi-state infringements; validity claims of registered rights which arise incidentally; and cross-border collective copyright management.

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