The effect of polylactate ingestion on exercise performance in elite distance runners

The mediators underlying the putative benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on dynamic whole body exercise performance have not been widely investigated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that remote IPC improves supramaximal exercise performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I middle-distance runners by increasing accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), an indicator of glycolytic capacity. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed. Ten NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes [age: 21 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 65 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three supramaximal running trials (baseline, after mock IPC, and with remote IPC) at 110% V̇o2max to exhaustion. Remote IPC was induced in the right arm with 4 × 5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Supramaximal AOD (ml/kg) was calculated as the difference between the theoretical oxygen demand required for the supramaximal running bout (linear regression extrapolated from ~12 × 5 min submaximal running stages) and the actual oxygen demand for these bouts. Remote IPC [122 ± 38 s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94–150] increased ( P < 0.001) time to exhaustion 22% compared with baseline (99 ± 23 s, 95% CI: 82–116, P = 0.014) and sham (101 ± 30 s, 95% CI: 80–123, P = 0.001). In the presence of IPC, AOD was 47 ± 36 ml/kg (95% CI: 20.8–73.9), a 29% increase compared with baseline (36 ± 28 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.3–56.9, P = 0.008) and sham (38 ± 32 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.2–63.0, P = 0.024). Remote IPC considerably improved supramaximal exercise performance in NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes. Greater glycolytic capacity, as estimated by increased AOD, is a potential mediator for these performance improvements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings indicate that ischemic preconditioning enhanced glycolytic exercise capacity, enabling National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) middle-distance track athletes to run ~22 s longer before exhaustion compared with baseline and mock ischemic preconditioning. The increase in “all-out” performance appears to be due to increased accumulated oxygen deficit, an index of better supramaximal capacity. Of note, enhanced exercise performance was demonstrated in a specific group of in-competition NCAA elite athletes that has already undergone substantial training of the glycolytic energy systems.

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PO-228 Effects of Different Cryotherapy Models on Timing Sequence Recovery of Exercise Induced Muscle Damage in Middle and Long Distance Runners

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i5.10573 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Chaoyi Qu ◽

Minxiao Xu ◽

Fei Qin ◽

Yanan Dong ◽

Zhongwei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Water Immersion ◽

The Other ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Whole Body ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Biochemical Indicators ◽

Whole Body Cryotherapy

Objective Exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) is one common physiological phenomenon in competitive sports and mass sports. Water immersion recovery and whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) (WBC) has become one of the fast recovery methods adopted by high level athletes in the world. The aim of this study was to compare the water immersion recovery and WBC from timing sequential recovery on EIMD, subjective scales, biochemical indicators, exercise performance indicators. Methods Twelve middle and long distance runners from Beijing Sport University were recruited in this study (exercise performance is secondary level in China). All participants performed four models in four weeks which included rest control (CON), cold water immersion(CWI), contrast water therapy (CWT) and whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) (WBC) separated by one week. The subjects needed to complete the EIMD exercise program, includes two parts: the treadmill running and the jump step. The individual speed of treadmill running was based on the individual VO2max. running including 5 sets and total time is about 90 min. Every set consist of 6 min flat running, 6 min uphill running and 6 min downhill running. The speed of the treadmill was stable in different stages. The slope of the uphill running is（＋6,＋5,＋4,＋3,＋2）, and the slope of downhill running is (-8, -7, -6, -5, -4). The jump was performed 20 times separated by 30 s via special step ( height is 40 cm) . After the EIMD exercise program, the subjects were treated with different recovery methods immediately after exercise, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after exercise, while CON group received no intervention. The CWI group was immerged in 15 °C cold water for 12min, and the CWT groups was immerged in 15°C cold water for 1min and 38°C hot water for 1min with 6 cycles. The whole body cryotherapy (cryostimulation) group was immerged in special chamber (-110—-140℃）for 3 min. The three interventions were immerged body to the position of shoulders. The indexes including subjective scales (VAS scale, RPE scale, Borg scale, WHO deep sleep scale, PQSI scale), biochemical indicators (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, interleukin-6, C reactive protein, SICAM-1), exercise performance indicators ( vertical jump height, grip, running distance). The indexes was collected in different periods (i.e. Before exercise, immediately after exercise,Post1h, Post 24h, Post 48h, Post 72h, Post 96h after exercise etc.). Results (1) Subjective scales. From results of VAS scale, RPE scale, and Borg scale, the WBC had best recovery effects than the other three interventions (P<0.05). The recovery effect of the CWI group was similar with the CON group. From results of WHO deep sleep scale and PQSI scale, the WBC group had better recovery effects than CON group (P<0.05). (2) Biochemical indicators. From results of CK, Mb and SICAM-1, the WBC group had better recovery effect than the other three groups (P<0.05). In the LDH, the WBC group had similar effects with the CWT group (P>0.05). From results of CRP and IL-6, the WBC group had better recovery effects than the other three groups (P<0.05).（3）Exercise performance indicators. From results of vertical jump, WBC had lower decrease than the other three groups (P<0.05). From results of the grip, of the WBC and CWT groups have significant retentive effects than CON group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between CON and CWI groups (P>0.05). Conclusions (1)Through combine the treadmill running and the jump step exercise program,Can effectively lead to human body appear the EIMD. (2)WBC has positive effects on the subjective scale, biochemical indicators, exercise performance indicators associated with EIMD.For middle and long distance runners EIMD,compared with CWI CWT,WBC effect is better.(3) CWI and CWT has a positive effect on some subjective scales, biochemical indicators, and exercise performance indicators related to EIMD. However, the positive effect of CWI and CWT is lower than WBC in the extent of action and timing sequence. (4)For the middle and long distance runners EIMD timing sequence recovery effects,WBC have better effects,Followed by CWT , CWI effect is not significant.

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Influence of Trehalose Mouth Rinse on Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Performance

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x20969594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 1934578X2096959

Author(s):

Yoshio Suzuki ◽

Kotaro Sato ◽

Norie Arai ◽

Shin Endo

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Power Output ◽

Peak Power ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Mean Power ◽

Double Blind ◽

Endurance Tests ◽

Mean Power Output ◽

Second Peak

Trehalose is a disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose units linked in an alpha 1,1-glycosidic bond. Pre-exercise trehalose ingestion enhances exercise performance within 30 minutes. Enhanced performance was hypothesized to be due to a mouth rinse effect. A 3-arm double-blind crossover trial was conducted to test this hypothesis. Ten healthy male collegiate distance runners rinsed their mouths with either trehalose (6% w/v) or maltose (6% w/v) or acesulfame potassium (0.04 mg/mL) for 5 seconds and then performed an exercise assessment composed of 6-second peak power and endurance tests. Trehalose induced the highest mean power output ( P < .01) in peak power tests. In the endurance test, trehalose consistently showed higher mean power output than maltose. The 3 test drinks displayed indistinguishable sweetness and were expected to activate receptors for sweetness (T1R2-T1R3) with the same intensity. Trehalose activates taste receptors T1R1-T1R3, T1R3-T1R3 homodimer, and T1R2-T1R3, whereas sucrose activates only T1R2-T1R3. Therefore, a difference in mouth rinse effect might be due to a specific receptor in the oral cavity that recognizes differences between trehalose and maltose.

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Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum OLP-01 Supplementation during Endurance Running Training Improves Exercise Performance in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners: A Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12071972 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1972

Author(s):

Che-Li Lin ◽

Yi-Ju Hsu ◽

Hsieh-Hsun Ho ◽

Yung-Cheng Chang ◽

Yi-Wei Kuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Walking Distance ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Long Distance ◽

Double Blind

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Olympic No. 1 (OLP-01) has been shown in previous animal experiments to improve exercise endurance performance, but this effect has not been confirmed in humans, or more particularly, in athletes. Toward this end, the current study combined OLP-01 supplementation with regular exercise training in well-trained middle- and long-distance runners at the National Taiwan Sport University. The study was designed as a double-blind placebo-controlled experiment. Twenty-one subjects (14 males and seven females aged 20–30 years) were evenly distributed according to total distance (meters) traveled in 12 min to one of the following two groups: a placebo group (seven males and three females) and an OLP-01 (1.5 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/day) group (seven males and four females). All the participants received placebo or OLP-01 supplements for five consecutive weeks consisting of three weeks of regular training and two weeks of de-training. Before and after the experiment, the participants were tested for 12-min running/walking distance, and body composition, blood/serum, and fecal samples were analyzed. The results showed that OLP-01 significantly increased the change in the 12-min Cooper’s test running distance and the abundance of gut microbiota. Although no significant change in body composition was found, OLP-01 caused no adverse reactions or harm to the participants’ bodies. In summary, OLP-01 can be used as a sports nutrition supplement, especially for athletes, to improve exercise performance.

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Pre-exercise Trehalose Ingestion Enhanced Exercise Performance in Male Collegiate Distance Runners

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x20933727 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 1934578X2093372

Author(s):

Yoshio Suzuki ◽

Kotaro Sato ◽

Keishoku Sakuraba ◽

Tatsuyuki Akaishi ◽

Kana Sugiyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Performance ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Mean Power ◽

Exercise Tests ◽

Warm Up ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial ◽

Minute Interval ◽

Full Power ◽

Power Outputs ◽

Test Drink

A total of 10 male collegiate distance runners participated in a randomized crossover trial. After completing a warm-up, each participant ingested 300 mL of a test drink and performed 2 sets of pedaling for the duration of 10 minutes (tests 1 and 3) and a 30-second sprint test (tests 2 and 4) with 3-minute interval. During the exercise tests, participants were instructed to make a full power output in 30-second sprint tests and to keep the effort equivalent to their own pace in 10 000 m track race without a final push in the 10-minute pedaling phase. The test drinks allocated to the participants were either trehalose (6% w/v), glucose (6% w/v), or water. During the 4 tests, trehalose presented with the highest mean power outputs compared to that of glucose and water. It was statistically significant against water and glucose especially in the first 10 minutes of pedaling (test 1) and the last 30 seconds of sprint tests (test 4). Therefore, data indicate that trehalose may enhance exercise performance.

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Living altitude influences endurance exercise performance change over time at altitude

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 120 (10) ◽

pp. 1151-1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robert F. Chapman ◽

Trine Karlsen ◽

R.-L. Ge ◽

James Stray-Gundersen ◽

Benjamin D. Levine

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Endurance Athlete ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Physiological Adaptation ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Performance Change ◽

Daily Training ◽

Level Training ◽

Over Time

For sea level based endurance athletes who compete at low and moderate altitudes, adequate time for acclimatization to altitude can mitigate performance declines. We asked whether it is better for the acclimatizing athlete to live at the specific altitude of competition or at a higher altitude, perhaps for an increased rate of physiological adaptation. After 4 wk of supervised sea level training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800 m) where they resided for 4 wk. Daily training for all subjects was completed at a common altitude from 1,250 to 3,000 m. Subjects completed 3,000-m performance trials on the track at sea level, 28 and 6 days before departure, and at 1,780 m on days 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the altitude camp. Groups living at 2,454 and 2,800 m had a significantly larger slowing of performance vs. the 1,780-m group on day 5 at altitude. The 1,780-m group showed no significant change in performance across the 26 days at altitude, while the groups living at 2,085, 2,454, and 2,800 m showed improvements in performance from day 5 to day 19 at altitude but no further improvement at day 26. The data suggest that an endurance athlete competing acutely at 1,780 m should live at the altitude of the competition and not higher. Living ∼300-1,000 m higher than the competition altitude, acute altitude performance may be significantly worse and may require up to 19 days of acclimatization to minimize performance decrements.

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Bacteroides uniformis enhances endurance exercise performance through gluconeogenesis

10.1101/2020.03.04.975730 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroto Morita ◽

Chie Kano ◽

Chiharu Ishii ◽

Noriko Kagata ◽

Takamasa Ishikawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Cell Number ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase ◽

Long Distance ◽

Swimming Time

ABSTRACTAthletes require high levels of energy to exercise under extreme conditions. Gut microbiota supplies energy to the host; however, the mechanism how gut microbiota contribute in the athlete is unclear. In this study, we determined that gut microbiota of Japanese long-distance runners differed from that of non-athletes, and the Bacteroides uniformis cell number in the feces correlated with 3,000-m race time. Mice administrated with B. unformis extended the swimming time to exhaustion. Furthermore, acetate and propionate concentrations in the cecum increased in B. uniformis-administered mice subjected to weekly exercise. Expression levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase la and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase genes were elevated in the liver, suggesting that acetate and propionate produced by B. uniformis improve endurance exercise performance, at least in part, through enhancing gluconeogenesis. In addition, α-cyclodextrin administration increased B. uniformis and improved the performance in humans and mice, thus it is a candidate substance enhancing exercise performance through modification of gut microbiota.

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