scholarly journals Influence of Trehalose Mouth Rinse on Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2096959
Author(s):  
Yoshio Suzuki ◽  
Kotaro Sato ◽  
Norie Arai ◽  
Shin Endo
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Second Peak

Trehalose is a disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose units linked in an alpha 1,1-glycosidic bond. Pre-exercise trehalose ingestion enhances exercise performance within 30 minutes. Enhanced performance was hypothesized to be due to a mouth rinse effect. A 3-arm double-blind crossover trial was conducted to test this hypothesis. Ten healthy male collegiate distance runners rinsed their mouths with either trehalose (6% w/v) or maltose (6% w/v) or acesulfame potassium (0.04 mg/mL) for 5 seconds and then performed an exercise assessment composed of 6-second peak power and endurance tests. Trehalose induced the highest mean power output ( P < .01) in peak power tests. In the endurance test, trehalose consistently showed higher mean power output than maltose. The 3 test drinks displayed indistinguishable sweetness and were expected to activate receptors for sweetness (T1R2-T1R3) with the same intensity. Trehalose activates taste receptors T1R1-T1R3, T1R3-T1R3 homodimer, and T1R2-T1R3, whereas sucrose activates only T1R2-T1R3. Therefore, a difference in mouth rinse effect might be due to a specific receptor in the oral cavity that recognizes differences between trehalose and maltose.

scholarly journals Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 668-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. L. Calbet ◽  
J. A. De Paz ◽  
N. Garatachea ◽  
S. Cabeza de Vaca ◽  
J. Chavarren
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Mean Power Output

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of severe acute hypoxia on exercise performance and metabolism during 30-s Wingate tests. Five endurance- (E) and five sprint- (S) trained track cyclists from the Spanish National Team performed 30-s Wingate tests in normoxia and hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 0.10). Oxygen deficit was estimated from submaximal cycling economy tests by use of a nonlinear model. E cyclists showed higher maximal O2 uptake than S (72 ± 1 and 62 ± 2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.05). S cyclists achieved higher peak and mean power output, and 33% larger oxygen deficit than E ( P< 0.05). During the Wingate test in normoxia, S relied more on anaerobic energy sources than E ( P < 0.05); however, S showed a larger fatigue index in both conditions ( P < 0.05). Compared with normoxia, hypoxia lowered O2 uptake by 16% in E and S ( P < 0.05). Peak power output, fatigue index, and exercise femoral vein blood lactate concentration were not altered by hypoxia in any group. Endurance cyclists, unlike S, maintained their mean power output in hypoxia by increasing their anaerobic energy production, as shown by 7% greater oxygen deficit and 11% higher postexercise lactate concentration. In conclusion, performance during 30-s Wingate tests in severe acute hypoxia is maintained or barely reduced owing to the enhancement of the anaerobic energy release. The effect of severe acute hypoxia on supramaximal exercise performance depends on training background.

scholarly journals Re-esterified DHA improves ventilatory threshold 2 in competitive amateur cyclists

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Ávila-Gandía ◽  
Antonio Torregrosa-García ◽  
Antonio J. Luque-Rubia ◽  
María Salud Abellán-Ruiz ◽  
Desirée Victoria-Montesinos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Lactate Clearance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cycling Test ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Mean Power Output

Abstract Background Fish oils were studied as ergogenic aids in a number of mixed physical trial designs showing promising results. However, the heterogeneous purity of the studied supplements, combined with the variety of physical tests employed call for more studies to confirm these findings, ideally with standardised supplements. Our aim was to test a supplement highly concentrated in DHA (DHA:EPA ratio equal to approximately 8:1) on a maximal cycling test to elucidate performance improvements mainly due to DHA. Methods A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomised balanced, parallel design, in competitive amateur cyclists was employed. They were all male, older than 18 years old, with training routine of 2 to 4 sessions per week lasting at least one hour each. A ramp cycling test to exhaustion with a subsequent 5 min recovery phase was employed before and after treatment to analyse aerobic metabolism and lactate clearance after the bout. After 30 days of supplementation with 975 mg of re-esterified DHA, the thirty-eight cyclist who completed the study were finally included for statistical analysis. Results Mean power output at ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) improved after DHA supplementation both as absolute (△DHA versus △PLA: 6.33–26.54 Watts; CI 95%) and relative (p=0.006) values, paralleled with higher oxygen consumption at VT2 both for absolute (DHA 2729.4 ±304.5, 3045.9 ±335.0; PLA 2792.3 ±339.5, 2845.5 ±357.1; ml·min−1 baseline versus post p=0.025) and relative values (DHA 36.6 ±5.0, 41.2 ±5.4; PLA 37.2 ±5.7, 38.1 ±5.2; ml·kg−1·min−1 baseline versus post p=0.024). Heart rate recovery rate improved during the recovery phase in the DHA group compared to PLA (p=0.005). Conclusion DHA is capable of improving mean power output at the ventilatory threshold 2 (anaerobic ventilatory threshold) in amateur competitive cyclists. It is unclear if these findings are the result of the specific DHA supplement blend or another factor.

Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Repeat Sprint Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben M. Krings ◽  
Timothy J. Peterson ◽  
Brandon D. Shepherd ◽  
Matthew J. McAllister ◽  
JohnEric W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Mean Power Output

The purpose of this investigation was to examine to the influence of carbohydrate ingestion (CHOI) and carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHOR) on acute repeat maximal sprint performance. Fourteen healthy males (age: 21.7 ± 1.8 years, mass: 82.3 ± 12.3 kg) completed a total of five 15-s maximal repeat sprints on a cycle ergometer against 0.075 kg ・ kg-1 body mass each separated by 4 min of active recovery. Subjects completed four experimental trials and were randomly assigned one of four treatments: (1) CHOI, (2) CHOR, (3) placebo mouth rinse (PLAR), (4) placebo ingestion (PLAI). Subjects rinsed or ingested six 50 mL 10% CHO solutions throughout each trial. Performance variables measured included rating of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, peak and mean power output, fatigue index, and total work. Significant treatment main effects were observed for mean power output (p = 0.026), total work (p = 0.020), fatigue index (p = 0.004), and heart rate (p = 0.013). Overall mean power output and total work were significantly greater with CHOI (659.3 ± 103.0 watts, 9849.8 ± 1598.8 joules) compared with CHOR (645.8 ± 99.7 watts, 9447.5 ± 1684.9 joules, p < .05). CHOI (15.3 ± 8.6 watts/s) significantly attenuated fatigue index compared with CHOR (17.7 ± 10.4 watts/s, p < .05). Based on our findings, CHOI was more likely to provide a beneficial performance effect compared with CHOR, PLAI, and PLAR. Athletes required to complete repeat bouts of high intensity exercise may benefit from CHOI.

scholarly journals Warm-up durations in a hot-dry climate affect thermoregulation, mean power-output and fatigue, but not peak power in specific soccer repeated-sprint ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Frikha ◽  
Nesrine Chaâri ◽  
Noureddine Ben Said ◽  
Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Mean Power Output

Abstract Background This study addressed the lack of data on the effect of warm-up (WU) duration in hot-dry climate (~ 30 °C; ~ 18% RH), on thermoregulation, muscular power-output, and fatigue after specific soccer repeated-sprint test (RSA). Methods Eleven amateur soccer players participated in a cross-over randomized study and they underwent the Bangsbo repeated-sprint test, after three WU durations (i.e. WU10, WU15 and WU20 min) at 70% of MAV, and on different days. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and the fatigue index (FI) were recorded and analyzed. Likewise, heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature (Ttym), mean body temperature (MBT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each session. Results The repeated measure ANOVA showed that MP improved after WU15 in comparison to WU10 and WU20 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001; respectively). Nonetheless, no significant effect on PP was recorded after all WU durations. FI during RSA increased after WU20 in comparison to WU15 and WU10 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003; respectively). Higher RPE values (p < 0.001) were recorded after WU15 and WU20 in comparison to WU10 duration. The two-way ANOVA showed higher ΔTtym and ΔMBT values after WU15 and WU20 compared to WU10 (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001for Ttym; p = 0.005 and p < 0.001 for MBT, respectively). Conclusions The WU15 at 70% of MAV better assists mean power-output during soccer RSA in hot-dry (~ 30 °C; 18% RH) climate, but not peak power. Reducing WU duration up to 10 min seems to be insufficient to induce beneficial physiological changes necessary for optimizing repeated-sprint performance, while its extension up to 20 min remains detrimental for muscular power and induces higher fatigue.

Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Cycling Performance in Normoxia or Moderate Hypoxia

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. MacLeod ◽  
Sean F. Nugent ◽  
Susan I. Barr ◽  
Michael S. Koehle ◽  
Benjamin C. Sporer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Mean Power Output

Beetroot juice (BR) has been shown to lower the oxygen cost of exercise in normoxia and may have similar effects in hypoxia. We investigated the effect of BR on steady-state exercise economy and 10-km time trial (TT) performance in normoxia and moderate hypoxia (simulated altitude: ~2500 m). Eleven trained male cyclists (VO2peak ≥ 60 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed four exercise trials. Two hours before exercise, subjects consumed 70 mL BR (~6 mmol nitrate) or placebo (nitrate-depleted BR) in a randomized, double-blind manner. Subjects then completed a 15-min self-selected cycling warm-up, a 15-min steady-state exercise bout at 50% maximum power output, and a 10-km time trial (TT) in either normoxia or hypoxia. Environmental conditions were randomized and single-blind. BR supplementation increased plasma nitrate concentration and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide relative to PL (p < .05 for both comparisons). Economy at 50% power output was similar in hypoxic and normoxic conditions (p > .05), but mean power output was greater in the normoxic TT relative to the hypoxic TT (p < .05). BR did not affect economy, steady-state SpO2, mean power output, or 10-km TT completion time relative to placebo in either normoxia or hypoxia (p > .05 in all comparisons). In conclusion, BR did not lower the oxygen cost of steady-state exercise or improve exercise performance in normoxia or hypoxia in a small sample of well-trained male cyclists.

No Improvement of Repeated-Sprint Performance With Dietary Nitrate

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy Martin ◽  
Disa Smee ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson ◽  
Ben Rattray
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Mean Power Output

Purpose:Nitrate supplementation improves endurance exercise and single bouts of high-intensity activity, but its effect on repeated sprints is unclear. This study is the first to investigate the effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation during a high-intensity intermittent-sprint test to exhaustion.Methods:Team-sport athletes (9 male, age 22.3 ± 2.1 y, VO2max 57.4 ± 8.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1; 7 female, age 20.7 ± 1.3 y, VO2max 47.2 ± 8.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1) were assigned to a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Participants consumed 70 mL of concentrated beetroot juice containing a minimum of 0.3 g of nitrate (NT) or 70 mL of placebo (PL) 2 h before a repeated-sprint protocol involving repeated 8-s sprints with 30-s recovery on a cycle ergometer to exhaustion.Results:Fewer sprints (NT = 13 ± 5 vs PL = 15 ± 6, P = .005, d = 0.41) and less total work (NT = 49.2 ± 24.2 kJ vs PL = 57.8 ± 34.0 kJ, P = .027, d = 0.3) were completed in NT relative to PL. However there was no difference in overall mean power output or the mean power output for each individual 8-s sprint.Conclusions:These findings suggest that dietary nitrate is not beneficial for improving repeated-sprint performance, at least when such sprints are near-maximal and frequent in nature. The lack of an effect of nitrate at near-maximal oxygen uptake supports the suggestion that at greater exercise intensities nitrate does not have an ergogenic effect.

scholarly journals The Effect of Prior Upper Body Exercise on Subsequent Wingate Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Clare Grant ◽  
Robert Robergs ◽  
Marianne Findlay Baird ◽  
Julien S. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Trial Participants

It has been reported previously that the upper body musculature is continually active during high intensity cycle ergometry. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent Wingate (WAnT) performance. Eleven recreationally active males (20.8 ± 2.2 yrs; 77.7 ± 12.0 kg; 1.79 ± 0.04 m) completed two trials in a randomised order. In one trial participants completed2×30 s WAnT tests (WAnT1 and WAnT2) with a 6 min recovery period; in the other trial, this protocol was preceded with 4 sets of biceps curls to induce localised arm fatigue. Prior upper body exercise was found to have a statistically significant detrimental effect on peak power output (PPO) during WAnT1(P<0.05)but no effect was observed for mean power output (MPO)(P>0.05). Handgrip (HG) strength was also found to be significantly lower following the upper body exercise. These results demonstrate that the upper body is meaningfully involved in the generation of leg power during intense cycling.

scholarly journals Beta2-agonist salbutamol augments hypertrophy in MHCIIa fibers and sprint power output but not muscle force during 11 weeks of resistance training in young men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Jessen ◽  
Søren Reitelseder ◽  
Anders Kalsen ◽  
Michael Kreiberg ◽  
Johan Onslev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Power Output

In this study, we examined the effect of beta2-agonist salbutamol at oral doses during a period of resistance training on sprint performance, quadriceps contractile function, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, fiber-type composition, maximal activity of enzymes of importance for anaerobic energy turnover, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-handling in young men. Twenty-six men (23±2 years;mean±SD) were randomized to daily intake of oral salbutamol (16 mg/d;RES+SAL) or placebo (RES) during 11 weeks full-body resistance training 3 times/week. Mean power output during 10s maximal cycling increased more (P=0.027) in RES+SAL (+12%) than in RES (+7%), whereas peak power output increased similarly (RES+SAL:+8%;RES:+7%;P=0.400). Quadriceps dynamic peak torque and maximal voluntary isometric torque increased by 13 and 14% (P≤0.001) in RES+SAL and 13 and 13% (P≤0.001) in RES, respectively. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution transitioned from MHCI and MHCIIx towards MHCIIa in RES+SAL (P=0.002), but not in RES (P=0.323). MHCIIa cross-sectional-area increased more (P=0.040) in RES+SAL (+35%) than RES (+21%). Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release rate increased in both groups (RES+SAL:+9%,P=0.048;RES:+13%,P=0.008), whereas Ca2+-uptake rate increased only in RES (+12%,P=0.022) but not different from the non-significant change in RES+SAL (+2%,P=0.484). Maximal activity of lactate dehydrogenase increased only in RES+SAL (+13%,P=0.008). Muscle content of the dihydropyridine receptor, ryanodine receptor 1, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoform 1 and 2 did not change with the intervention in either group (P≥0.100). These observations suggest that salbutamol is a muscle anabolic drug, which induces greater sprint mean power output, without affecting peak power output and muscle strength when ingested during a period of resistance training.

scholarly journals Acute Caffeine Intake Enhances Mean Power Output and Bar Velocity during the Bench Press Throw in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Wilk ◽  
Aleksandra Filip ◽  
Michal Krzysztofik ◽  
Mariola Gepfert ◽  
Adam Zajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bar Velocity ◽  
Mean Power Output

Background: The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on power output and bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. Methods: Twelve resistance trained individuals habituated to caffeine ingestion participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed three identical experimental sessions 60 min after the intake of a placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine. In each experimental session, the participants performed 5 sets of 2 repetitions of the bench press throw (with a load equivalent to 30% repetition maximum (RM), measured in a familiarization trial) on a Smith machine, while bar velocity and power output were registered with a rotatory encoder. Results: In comparison to the placebo, the intake of caffeine increased mean bar velocity during 5 sets of the bench press throw (1.37 ± 0.05 vs. 1.41 ± 0.05 and 1.41 ± 0.06 m/s for placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m., respectively; p < 0.01), as well as mean power output (545 ± 117 vs. 562 ± 118 and 560 ± 107 W; p < 0.01). However, caffeine was not effective at increasing peak velocity (p = 0.09) nor peak power output (p = 0.07) during the explosive exercise. Conclusion: The acute doses of caffeine before resistance exercise may increase mean power output and mean bar velocity during the bench press throw training session in a group of habitual caffeine users. Thus, caffeine prior to ballistic exercises enhances performance during a power-specific resistance training session.

Is the Functional Threshold Power a Valid Surrogate of the Lactate Threshold?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1293-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Javier S. Morales ◽  
Carl Foster ◽  
Alejandro Lucia ◽  
Pedro de la Villa
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Threshold Power ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Power Output

Purpose: To analyze the relationship between functional threshold power (FTP) and the lactate threshold (LT). Methods: A total of 20 male cyclists performed an incremental test in which LT was determined. At least 48 h later, they performed a 20-min time trial, and 95% of the mean power output was defined as FTP. Participants were divided into recreational (peak power output < 4.5 W·kg−1; n = 11) or trained cyclists (peak power output > 4.5 W·kg−1; n = 9) according to their fitness status. Results: The FTP (240 [35] W) was overall not significantly different (effect size = 0.20; limits of agreement = −2.4% [11.5%]) from the LT (246 [24] W), and both markers were strongly correlated (r = .95; P < .0001). Accounting for the participants’ fitness status, no significant differences were found between FTP and LT (effect size = 0.22; limits of agreement =2.1% [7.8%]) in trained cyclists, but FTP was significantly lower than the LT (P = .0004, effect size = 0.81; limits of agreement =−6.5% [8.3%]) in recreational cyclists. A significant relationship was found between relative peak power output and the bias between FTP and the LT markers (r = .77; P < .0001). Conclusions: FTP is a valid field test-based marker for the assessment of endurance fitness. However, caution should be taken when using FTP interchangeably with LT, as the bias between markers seems to depend on the athlete’s fitness status. Whereas FTP provides a good estimate of LT in trained cyclists, in recreational cyclists, it may underestimate LT.

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