Influence of News Literacy on the Perceived Impact and Regulatory Attitude of Fake News : Definition of Fake News as Moderator

BACKGROUND Across eHealth intervention studies involving children, adolescents, and their parents, researchers have measured users’ experiences to assist with intervention development, refinement, and evaluation. To date, there are no widely agreed-on definitions or measures of ‘user experience’ to support a standardized approach for evaluation and comparison within or across interventions. OBJECTIVE We conducted a scoping review with subsequent Delphi consultation to (1) identify how user experience is defined and measured in eHealth research studies, (2) characterize the measurement tools used, and (3) establish working definitions for domains of user experience that could be used in future eHealth evaluations. METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases for published and gray literature available from January 1, 2005 to April 11, 2019. Studies assessing an eHealth intervention that targeted any health condition and was designed for use by children, adolescents, and their parents were eligible for inclusion. eHealth interventions needed to be web-, computer-, or mobile-based, mediated by the internet with some degree of interactivity. Studies were also required to report the measurement of ‘user experience’ as first-person experiences, involving cognitive and behavioural factors, reported by intervention users. Two reviewers independently screened studies for relevance and appraised the quality of user experience measures using published criteria: ‘well-established’, ‘approaching well-established’, ‘promising’, or ‘not yet established’. We conducted a descriptive analysis of how user experience was defined and measured in each study. Review findings subsequently informed the survey questions used in the Delphi consultations with eHealth researchers and adolescent users for how user experience should be defined and measured. RESULTS Of the 8,634 articles screened for eligibility, 129 and one erratum were included in the review. Thirty eHealth researchers and 27 adolescents participated in the Delphi consultations. Based on the literature and consultations, we proposed working definitions for six main user experience domains: acceptability, satisfaction, credibility, usability, user-reported adherence, and perceived impact. While most studies incorporated a study-specific measure, we identified ten well-established measures to quantify five of the six domains of user experience (all except for self-reported adherence). Our adolescent and researcher participants ranked perceived impact as one of the most important domains of user experience and usability as one of the least important domains. Rankings between adolescents and researchers diverged for other domains. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the various ways user experience has been defined and measured across studies and what aspects are most valued by researchers and adolescent users. We propose incorporating the working definitions and available measures of user experience to support consistent evaluation and reporting of outcomes across studies. Future studies can refine the definitions and measurement of user experience, explore how user experience relates to other eHealth outcomes, and inform the design and use of human-centred eHealth interventions.

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After Chalcedon

10.1093/oso/9780199281336.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Brian E. Daley, SJ

Keyword(s):

Eighth Century ◽

Seventh Century ◽

The Third ◽

John Of Damascus ◽

Perceived Impact ◽

Orthodox Theology ◽

Definition Of ◽

Maximus The Confessor ◽

Severus Of Antioch

The Council of Chalcedon’s definition of the terms in which Nicene orthodoxy should conceive of Christ’s person remained controversial. Leontius of Byzantium argued for the correctness of the Council’s formulation, especially against the arguments of Severus of Antioch, but suggested that more than academic issues were at stake: the debate concerned the lived, permanently dialectical unity between God and humanity. In the mid-seventh century, imperially sponsored efforts to lessen the perceived impact of Chalcedonian language by stressing that Christ’s two natures were activated by “a single, theandric energy,” also remained without effect: largely because of the monk Maximus “the Confessor”, who argued that two complete spheres of activity and two wills remained evident in Christ’s life. Maximus’s position was ratified at the Lateran Synod and at the Third Council of Constantinople. The eighth-century Palestinian monk John of Damascus incorporated these arguments into his own influential synthesis of orthodox theology.

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Defining and conceptualizing news literacy

Journalism ◽

10.1177/14648849211005888 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146488492110058

Author(s):

Melissa Tully ◽

Adam Maksl ◽

Seth Ashley ◽

Emily K Vraga ◽

Stephanie Craft

Keyword(s):

Mass Communication ◽

Empirical Testing ◽

News Production ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

Flexible Approach ◽

Production Distribution ◽

News Literacy ◽

Definition Of

Interest in news literacy inside and outside the academy has grown alongside related concerns about the quality of news and information available. Attempts to fully define, explicate and operationalize news literacy, however, are scattered. Drawing on literature across journalism and mass communication, we propose a definition of news literacy that combines knowledge of news production, distribution and consumption with skills that help audiences assert control over their relationship with news. We propose that knowledge and skills should be conceptualized across five domains: context, creation, content, circulation and consumption. This explication offers a clear, concise and cohesive path for research about news literacy, especially empirical testing to evaluate news literacy and its effectiveness in contributing to relevant behaviours. This framework also offers a consistent, yet flexible, approach to measuring news literacy across diverse contexts.

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Governing Fake News: The Regulation of Social Media and the Right to Freedom of Expression in the Era of Emergency

European Journal of Risk Regulation ◽

10.1017/err.2021.48 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-41

Author(s):

Donato VESE

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Freedom Of Expression ◽

Self Regulation ◽

Public Law ◽

Fake News ◽

Human Right ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Right ◽

Media Censorship

Governments around the world are strictly regulating information on social media in the interests of addressing fake news. There is, however, a risk that the uncontrolled spread of information could increase the adverse effects of the COVID-19 health emergency through the influence of false and misleading news. Yet governments may well use health emergency regulation as a pretext for implementing draconian restrictions on the right to freedom of expression, as well as increasing social media censorship (ie chilling effects). This article seeks to challenge the stringent legislative and administrative measures governments have recently put in place in order to analyse their negative implications for the right to freedom of expression and to suggest different regulatory approaches in the context of public law. These controversial government policies are discussed in order to clarify why freedom of expression cannot be allowed to be jeopardised in the process of trying to manage fake news. Firstly, an analysis of the legal definition of fake news in academia is presented in order to establish the essential characteristics of the phenomenon (Section II). Secondly, the legislative and administrative measures implemented by governments at both international (Section III) and European Union (EU) levels (Section IV) are assessed, showing how they may undermine a core human right by curtailing freedom of expression. Then, starting from the premise of social media as a “watchdog” of democracy and moving on to the contention that fake news is a phenomenon of “mature” democracy, the article argues that public law already protects freedom of expression and ensures its effectiveness at the international and EU levels through some fundamental rules (Section V). There follows a discussion of the key regulatory approaches, and, as alternatives to government intervention, self-regulation and especially empowering users are proposed as strategies to effectively manage fake news by mitigating the risks of undue interference by regulators in the right to freedom of expression (Section VI). The article concludes by offering some remarks on the proposed solution and in particular by recommending the implementation of reliability ratings on social media platforms (Section VII).

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Antisemitic or Bordering on Antisemitic? Grey Areas in Romanian Fake News Discourses in the Wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Transilvania ◽

10.51391/trva.2021.11-12.18. ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 121-127

Author(s):

Anca-Simina Martin

Keyword(s):

Influenza Pandemic ◽

The Novel ◽

Fake News ◽

Jewish Communities ◽

Elie Wiesel ◽

Working Definition ◽

The Holocaust ◽

The Us ◽

Definition Of ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Jews as a collective have long served as scapegoats for epidemics and pandemics, such as the Bubonic Plague and, according to some scholars, the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic. This practice reemerged in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic, when more and more fake news outlets in the US and Europe started publishing articles on a perceived linkage between Jewish communities and the novel coronavirus. What this article aims to achieve is to facilitate a dialogue between the observations on the phenomenon made by the Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and the latest related EU reports, with a view to charting its beginnings in Romania in relation to other European countries and in an attempt to see whether Romania, like France and Germany, has witnessed the emergence of “grey area” discourses which are not fully covered by International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance working definition of antisemitism.

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Fake News and the Convention on Cybercrime

Athens Journal of Law ◽

10.30958/ajl.7-3-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 335-358

Author(s):

Robert Smith ◽

Mark Perry

Keyword(s):

Hate Speech ◽

Service Providers ◽

The United States ◽

Clear Definition ◽

Fake News ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

Donald Trump ◽

Additional Protocol ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Web

The COVID-19 pandemic and the recent term of the United States President, Donald Trump, brought the term “fake news” to the attention of the broader community. Some jurisdictions have developed anti-fake news legislation, whilst others have used existing cybercrime legislation. A significant deficiency is the lack of a clear definition of fake news. Just because a person calls something “fake news” does not mean that it is indeed false. Especially during pandemics, the primary aim should be to have misinformation and disinformation removed quickly from the web rather than prosecute offenders. The most widely accepted international anti-cybercrime treaty is the Convention on Cybercrime developed by the Council of Europe, which is silent on fake news, the propagation of which may be a cybercrime. There is an Additional Protocol that deals with hate speech, which the authors consider to be a subset of fake news. Using examples from Southeast Asia, the paper develops a comprehensive definition of what constitutes fake news. It ensures that it covers the various flavours of fake news that have been adopted in various jurisdictions. Hate speech can be considered a subset of fake news and is defined as the publication or distribution of fake news with the intention to incite hatred or violence against ethnic, religious, political, and other groups in society. The paper proposes some offences, including those that should be applied to platform service providers. The recommendations could be easily adapted for inclusion in the Convention on Cybercrime or other regional conventions. Such an approach is desirable as cybercrime, including propagating fake news, is not a respecter of national borders, and has widespread deleterious effects. Keywords: Fake news; hate speech; Convention on Cybercrime; draft legislation

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Of Monsters and Men: The Aesthetics of the Alt-Right

Stan Rzeczy ◽

10.51196/srz.17.5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 99-121

Author(s):

Thari Jungen

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

The Political ◽

Fake News ◽

Definition Of

In February 2016, the Institute for Falsification researched the production of fake news in Veles, North Macedonia. Focusing on a specific hoax distributed from Veles via social media, this article analyses the political and aesthetic effects of fake news. It argues that fakes and hoaxes (mis)use established references to renew pre-existing discourses, media techniques, and symbols. The present definition of fakes is therefore insufficient for these practices.

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A Study on the Relationship between News Literacy and the Ability to Identify Fake News

Korea Jouranl of Communication Studies ◽

10.23875/kca.29.2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 5-28

Author(s):

Sook Choi ◽

Sungjoong Kim ◽

Sung Kyum Cho

Keyword(s):

Fake News ◽

News Literacy ◽

The Relationship

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Theorizing News Literacy Behaviors

Communication Theory ◽

10.1093/ct/qtaa005 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily K Vraga ◽

Melissa Tully ◽

Adam Maksl ◽

Stephanie Craft ◽

Seth Ashley

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽

Social Norms ◽

Planned Behavior ◽

Research Agenda ◽

Behavioral Control ◽

Theory Building ◽

Perceived Behavioral Control ◽

News Literacy ◽

Definition Of ◽

Concise Definition

Abstract Despite renewed interest in news literacy (NL) as a way to combat mis- and dis-information, existing scholarship is plagued by insufficient theory building and inadequate conceptualization of both “NL” and its application. We address this concern by offering a concise definition of NL and suggest five key knowledge and skill domains that comprise this literacy. We distinguish NL from its application to behaviors that communication scholars have been interested in, including news exposure, verification, and identifying misinformation. We propose an adapted Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to include NL in addition to the existing components (attitudes towards the behavior, social norms, perceived behavioral control) when modeling NL Behaviors. We discuss how this model can unite scholars across subfields and propose a research agenda for moving scholarship forward.

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Fake news detection: a survey of evaluation datasets

PeerJ Computer Science ◽

10.7717/peerj-cs.518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e518

Author(s):

Arianna D’Ulizia ◽

Maria Chiara Caschera ◽

Fernando Ferri ◽

Patrizia Grifoni

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Research Community ◽

Research Topic ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Fake News ◽

Definition Of

Fake news detection has gained increasing importance among the research community due to the widespread diffusion of fake news through media platforms. Many dataset have been released in the last few years, aiming to assess the performance of fake news detection methods. In this survey, we systematically review twenty-seven popular datasets for fake news detection by providing insights into the characteristics of each dataset and comparative analysis among them. A fake news detection datasets characterization composed of eleven characteristics extracted from the surveyed datasets is provided, along with a set of requirements for comparing and building new datasets. Due to the ongoing interest in this research topic, the results of the analysis are valuable to many researchers to guide the selection or definition of suitable datasets for evaluating their fake news detection methods.

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