scholarly journals Yield Responses to Different N-P-K Levels, and Correlations With Foliar Analysis, in Sand-Culture Studies With Corn, Sugarcane, and Cotton

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-184
Author(s):  
J. A. Bonnet ◽  
A. R. Riera ◽  
J. Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Yield Responses

The layout for 28 concrete pits is described herein where sand-culture and irrigation studies under cover have been carried in Puerto Rico since 1940 with certain crops: Sugarcane, beans, corn, sweetpotatoes, and cotton. The data for 10 experiments performed with sweet corn, dent corn, sugarcane, and cotton are reported. These data included N-P-K contents of the respective leaves at different crop ages and yields obtained by varying the N or P or K levels from deficient to sufficient values, but keeping other major and minor nutrients constant. These experiments were important in showing that foliar contents of the major nutrients at specific crop ages can be used to predict or correlate with relative yield values. These correlations are not generally obtained with phosphorous and potassium in field experiments because the initial available phosphorus and potassium contents of the soil are usually high.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

The estimation of the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
South Wales

The usefulness of five contrasting methods of soil analysis for estimating the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales has been investigated, using yield data provided by 27 field experiments. Because the level of yield of wheat is strongly affected by seasonal environmental conditions poor correlations are obtained between soil analysis and absolute or relative yield of wheat, Much better and often significant correlations are obtained between soil analysis and the absolute increase in yield from fertilizer application. The best correlations were obtained with an 0.5M NaHCO3 extraction of soil phosphorus. A regression response surface calculated from these relationships provides a method for making direct estimates of fertilizer requirements for maximum economic return to farmers under average climatic conditions. The precision of these estimates is limited more by the flatness of the response surface and uncontrolled variation in the field data, than by inadequacies in the representation of available phosphorus by the NaHCO3 analysis.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Grain Yield in Winter Triticale Grown on Degraded Vertisol

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Vera Rajičić ◽  
Vera Popović ◽  
Vesna Perišić ◽  
Milan Biberdžić ◽  
Zoran Jovović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients

The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effects of fertilization, environment, and their interactions on the thousand grain weight (TGW), hectolitre weight (HW) and grain yield (GY) of winter triticale, and (2) the correlations between these traits in different environments. The invariable nitrogen (80 kg N ha−1), potassium (60 kg K2O ha−1) and two phosphorus (60 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1) doses were used in Kragujevac location in central Serbia. Nitrogen was applied individually and in combination with two phosphorus rates and one rate of potassium fertilizer. Eight fertilization treatment controls and N80, P60, P100, N80P60K60, N80P100K60, N80P60 and N80P100 were examined during three growing seasons. The yield and quality of triticale significantly varied across years and treatments. The average yield of all treatments in the 2015 growing season was significantly greater than in the previous years (3.597 t ha−1). Combined usage of NPK fertilizer (80 kg N ha−1, 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 60 kg K2O ha−1) represented the excellent base for optimum supply of major nutrients, resulting in maximum GY (4.0 t ha−1). Negative and significant correlation was found between grain GY and TGW (−0.392*) in 2015, and positive highly significant correlation were in 2013 (0.648**) and 2014 (0.493**). The positive effect over complete application of fertilizer is the result of a lower pH value of the soil, as well as the low content of available phosphorus and potassium in Vertisol soil type. Optimizing fertilization for maximum profitability is of great importance in the future triticale production in Pannonian Environments.

THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION TREATMENTS ON YIELDS AND ON FERTILIZER UTILIZATION BY SWEET CORN AND SNAP BEANS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MacKay ◽  
C. A. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

A range in each of the nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium – was applied to an infertile Podzol soil in a split-plot experiment receiving the following sprinkler irrigation treatments: 1) "none", natural rainfall; 2) "minimum", 1 inch per irrigation during the critical stage of flowering to harvest; 3) "optimum", 1 inch per irrigation throughout the crop season; and 4) "excess", 2 inches per irrigation whenever 3) was applied.Both crops responded to irrigation during the flower to harvest stage but snap beans were more sensitive than sweet corn to moisture stress during the pre-flower stage. With both crops, yields from "excess" water were not significantly different from those of the "optimum" treatment.Greater yield responses were obtained from heavy rates of fertilizers with irrigation than without, and as a result the interaction of fertilizer × irrigation was significant in 3 of the 4 years. These effects appeared to be due mostly to the increased nutrient requirements of the larger crops, which resulted when moisture stress was removed, rather than to increased availability of native or applied nutrients. Phosphorus was the only nutrient whose concentration was consistently increased by irrigation, and this was slight.

Methodology for online biometric analysis of soil test–crop response datasets

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Dyson ◽  
M. K. Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
National Database ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Response ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Comprehensive data on grain yield responsiveness to applications of the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur in Australian cropping experiments have been assembled in the Better Fertiliser Decisions for Cropping (BFDC) National Database for scrutiny by the BFDC Interrogator. The database contains the results of individual field experiments on nutrient response that need to be collectively integrated into a model that predicts probable grain yield response from soil tests. The potential degree of grain yield responsiveness (relative yield, RY%) is related to nutrient concentration in the soil (soil test value, STV) across a range of experimental sites and conditions for each nutrient. The RY% is defined as RY = Y0/Ymax *100, where Y0 is the yield without applied nutrient, and Ymax is the yield which could be attained through adequate application of the nutrient, given sufficiency of all other nutrients. The raw data for RY and STV are transformed so that a linear regression model can be applied. The BFDC Interrogator uses the arcsine-log calibration curve (ALCC) algorithm to estimate a critical soil test value (CSTV) for a given nutrient. The CSTV is defined as the value that would, on average for the broad agronomic circumstances of the incoming crop, lead to a specified percentage of Ymax (e.g. RY = 90%) without any application of that nutrient. This paper describes the ALCC algorithm, which has been developed to ensure that such estimated CSTVs, with safeguards, are reliable and to as high a precision as is realistic.

Effect of Drain Spacing and Phosphorus Levels on Yield, Chemical Composition and Uptake of Nutrients by Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Singh ◽  
Anand Swarup ◽  
D. P. Sharma ◽  
K. V. G. K. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Drain Spacing ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

SUMMARYField experiments during the winter seasons of 1986–7 and 1987–8 studied the effect of three sub-surface drain spacings and three levels of phosphorus on the yield, chemical composition and uptake of nutrients by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). The number of siliquae m-2 and seed yield decreased with increasing drain spacing. Application of phosphorus increased seed yield and yield attributes. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the seed and stalks decreased and those of sodium, calcium and magnesium increased with increasing drain spacing, but application of phosphorus increased the concentration of these nutrients in the seed and stalks. Absence of phosphorus in the drain water effluent and the level of available phosphorus in the soil profile after crop harvest indicated very slow movement of phosphorus, most of which was retained in the top 30 cm of soil.

Changes in soil chemical properties in a long-term fertilizer trial in a non-irrigated vineyard

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
MT Seeliger ◽  
RJ French
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Changes in soil properties in a long-term factorial experiment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer at the Nuriootpa Viticultural Research Station in South Australia were measured after 23 years of application. The measurements were related to vine yield responses reported earlier. Phosphorus, broadcast as superphosphate, gave excessively high available phosphorus levels in the top 6 in, of soil, but yield responses were delayed for 8 years until the slow-moving phosphorus reached the 6–12 in. layer where the feeder roots occurred. Broadcasting superphosphate was a wasteful and inefficient means of applying phosphorus in this environment. About three-quarters of the phosphorus applied could be measured in the top foot of soil. Nitrogen applied as sulphate of ammonia reduced pH significantly in the top 18 in. of soil, with the biggest reduction of 1.5 units to pH 5.0 in the 6–12 in. layer. As this acidity developed it probably caused the depression in vine vigour and yield. Potassium levels were high and not limiting in the unfertilized soils. The relation between nutrients supplied in the fertilizers and nutrients removed in the grapes is discussed.

Tissue testing to assess the sulfur requirements of subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Codling ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Total N ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Ratio Range

Tissue testing was studied in field experiments between 1979 and 1985 to predict when sulfur (S) fertiliser was required for pastures in high rainfall (>650 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia. The pastures comprised about half subterranean clover and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), the major pasture species in the region. Tissue testing was done for each species, using: (i) whole shoots, the present method used by commercial laboratories in Western Australia; (ii) youngest open leaves (legumes, YOLs) or youngest expanded blades (grass, YEBs); (iii) old leaves and blades (leaves that were not YOLs or YEBs); and (iv) stems (left after removal of YOLs, YEBs, old leaves and blades). Dried tissue was measured for total S, sulfate S, the total nitrogen : total S ratio and the sulfate S : total S ratio. For each pasture species, tissue test values were related to yield of dried herbage of that species measured for plants cut at ground level. Fertiliser nitrogen was not applied in the experiments.Annual ryegrass showed no significant yield responses to applied fertiliser S for all harvests in all experiments. Subterranean clover showed significant yield responses for most harvests of all experiments. At each site in each year, yield responses to applied S tended to become larger as the growing season progressed. For subterranean clover critical S values related to 90% of the maximum (relative) yield varied for different harvests of the same experiment within and between years, and for different experiments in the same and different years. As determined from all data, critical S values were similar for all plant parts (whole shoots, YOLs, old tissue, stems), with no consistent, systematic trend with plant age, and were: total S, range 0.10–0.30% S, mean 0.23%; sulfate S, range 0.01–0.14%, mean 0.04%; total N : total S ratio, range 11–30, mean 19; sulfate S : total S ratio, range 0.01–0.48, mean 0.27. The exception was that total S was lower for clover stems, the range being 0.06–0.20%, and mean 0.13%. Therefore, % total S in clover shoots can continue to be used as an indicator of sulfur deficiency in subterranean clover in the region.

Effect of topdressed phosphorus fertilizer on established white clover based pastures in south-east Queensland. 1. Prediction of yield responses using soil tests

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Rayment ◽  
RC Bruce
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Levels ◽  
Term Field

Seventeen short-term field experiments were conducted over a five year period in south-east Queensland in which rates of up to 60 kg P ha-1 as monocalcium phosphate were topdressed onto established, previously grazed, grass-white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures, Increases (P < 0.05) in yields of white clover were obtained at seven sites, but concurrent increases in grass production occurred at only four sites. Higher total pasture production resulted at six of these sites. One quantitative (total) and two empirical (0.005 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M Na HCO3) estimates of phosphorus status in 0-10 cm soil samples, collected prior to topdressing treatments, were separately correlated with relative yield responses of white clover, grass and total pasture components. Although soil phosphorus levels by all methods were statistically intercorrelated (P < 0.01), acid-extractable and total phosphorus tests were generally unsuitable for predictive purposes, having low coefficients of determination for regressions and Cate-Nelson separations of responsive from non-responsive sites. Bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus proved the most suitable soil test. It accounted for 60 and 44% of the variance in relative yields of white clover and total pasture, respectively, but was poorly correlated with relative yields of grass. The suggested critical level of soil phosphorus (bicarbonate extraction) for white clover is 28 ppm P. For total pasture, responses are likely below 22, unlikely above 28 and uncertain between 22 and 28 ppm P, respectively. Percentage variance in relative yields already explained by both empirical tests was not significantly increased by inclusion of terms for pH and exchangeable calcium into the X variable.

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