scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. VII. Dry Beans

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José A. Rodríguez García ◽  
José Badillo Feliciano
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Exchangeable Al

Yields of dry beans on a Corozal clay (Ultisol) dropped sharply when acidity increased beyond pH 4.7 and with 30% Al saturation of the effective CEC of the soil. No crop was produced at pH 4.1 with 80% Al saturation. Similar results were obtained on a Corozal clay subsoil, but the effect of increasing acidity on bean yields was much more marked. Lower yields were obtained on a Coto clay (Oxisol) with a relatively small response to soil acidity. For all soils combined, pH and percent Al saturation of the exchange capacity of the soil correlated very closely with yields. There was also a positive correlation between Ca content of the leaves and yields. Highest yields were obtained around pH 5.2 when there was essentially no exchangeable Al in the soil. Yields decreased to about 50% of maximum when Al saturation increased to 50%, and no yields were produced when Al saturation of the soil approached 80%.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XII. Tomatoes

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The effect of acidity factors of two Ultisols and one Oxisol on yield and foliar composition of tomatoes was determined. Yields were not markedly reduced by acidity in the Ultisols until pH dropped to around 4.6 with 45% Al saturation of the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and no yield was produced at about pH 4.1 and 80% Al saturation. In the Oxisol, tomato yields dropped steadily from 39.7 t/ha, when there was no exchangeable AI, to 17.5 t/ha at the highest level of acidity, pH 4.4 and 43% AI saturation. In all soils, yields were closely correlated with soil pH, exchangeable Al and Ca and Al/Ca.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XIV. Plantains and Bananas

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Leaf Composition

The effect of soil acidity factors on yield components and leaf composition of plantains and bananas were studied on two Ultisols and one Oxisol. Both crops were extremely tolerant to soil acidity factors on all soils. On the Ultisols, plantains produced similar yields although pH varied from 4.1 to 6.0, and exchangeable Al contents from 0 to over 70% of the cation exchange capacity. On the Oxisol, similar yields were produced when pH varied from 4.25 to 5.25, and exchangeable Al contents from 0 to 48%. Soil acidity did not affect bunch weight or number or weight of fruits. Foliar composition was not affected except that Ca content decreased as acidity of the Ultisols increased. Similarly, bananas produced high yields of marketable fruit at all levels of soil acidity and none of the yield components were affected by the soil acidity factors. Foliar composition was not affected except that Ca content decreased with increasing acidity.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico X1. Cassava.

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
The Tropics

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), one of the major sources of carbohydrates throughout the tropics, was found to be very tolerant to high soil acidity in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. About 85% of maximum yields were obtained when Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil was around 60%, but highest yields were attained at about pH 5.3 with no exchangeable Al. Soil acidity factors did not affect the chemical composition of the cassava leaves, except for Mn, which increased with decreasing pH of the Oxisol. Tolerance of cassava to soil acidity was also confirmed by the fact that yields of 12 commercial varieties were not affected by Al saturation levels varying from 0 to 60% in an Ultisol.

Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. X. Pigeon Peas

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
F. Abruña ◽  
E. Rivera ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Leaf Composition

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and leaf composition of pigeon peas [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] was determined in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. Pigeon peas barely responded in yield to soil acidity levels in the Oxisol, but responded strongly to variations in soil acidity in the two Ultisols. Yields increased from almost zero at the highest level of acidity (about pH 4 and 80% Al saturation) to more than 8 t/ha at about pH 6.0 with no exchangeable Al present. Yields increased with increasing soil pH, decreasing exchangeable Al content, and increasing exchangeable Al:Ca ratio. Yields were highest when pH was about 6.0, exchangeable Al was less than 20%, and exchangeable Al:Ca was less than 1.0. Soil acidity did not affect leaf composition, except that Ca content decreased with increasing acidity and correlated well with yields, ranging from about 0.5% with lowest yields to more than 1% with the highest yields. Number of nodules per plant was not affected by acidity factors, except at the highest level of acidity, at which no nodules were found.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. VIII. Yams

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-445
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
José A. Rodríguez García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Crop Response

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and foliar composition of yams (Dioscorea alata L) were determined in two Ultisols and an Oxisol. The yam cultivar Smooth Statia responded strongly to variations in soil acidity in the two Ultisols. Yields decreased sharply as % Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil increased. Relative yields dropped to about 60% of maximum when Al saturation was only about 10%, and to 20% of maximum when Al saturation was 50%, a level common among Ultisols of Puerto Rico. The high sensitivity of this crop to soil acidity is shown by the fact that yields were sharply reduced when pH dropped from 5.6 to 5.1, a level at which most crops show little or no response to liming. Foliar composition was not affected by soil acidity, except that Ca content decreased with decreasing soil pH and increasing Al saturation. Yields of cultivar of the same species as Smooth Statia and known locally as Name de Palo were not affected by soil acidity levels in an Oxisol.

Effect of Soil pH and Related Acidity Factors on Yields of Sweetpotatoes and Soybeans Grown on Typical Soils of the Humid Tropics

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

The effects of soil pH and related acidity factors on the yields of sweetpotatoes, Miguela var., and soybeans, Jupiter var., were determined on typical Oxisols and Ultisols of Puerto Rico. The study revealed no significant effect of pH and acidity factors on the yield of the sweetpotato variety, which was quite tolerant to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Yields were similar to those obtained by other researchers who worked with other varieties. Soybeans, although relatively tolerant to high levels of exchangeable Al, were adversely affected when values surpassed 5.5 meq/100 g of soil in a clayey Ultisol. Exchangeable base content was directly related to soybean yield grown on a light textured Oxisol. Yields obtained are considered excellent. Highly significant correlations between soybean leaf N content and yield was found in the clayey Ultisol.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Acidity Factors on Yields and Foliar Composition of Two Rice Varieties withSupplementary Overhead Irrigation

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-422
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Edmundo Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Decreasing Ph

Rice varieties IRS and Chontalpa 16 growing in two Ultisols with periodic overhead irrigation were quite tolerant to acidity producing around 80% of maximum yield at pH 4.8 and 30% Al saturation of the soils cation exchange capacity, a level common in Ultisols. However, maximum yields were obtained at pH 5.5 when no exchangeable Al was present in the soil. The Ca content of the leaves of both rice varieties decreased with decreasing pH and increasing Al saturation of the soils exchange capacity. Soil acidity factors in an Oxisol did not affect yields of the IRS variety, even at pH 4.5.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico-Soybeans

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-112
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
José Badillo-Feliciano ◽  
Servando Silva ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Soybean Leaves

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and foliar composition of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) were determined in three Ultisols and one Oxisol. Soybeans responded strongly in yield and foliar composition to variations in soil acidity of the Ultisols and to a lesser extent to variation in acidity of the Oxisol. The best correlations were obtained with the Corozal soil (Ultisol) where the yields were increased from 62 kg/ha, when the Al saturation was over 60%, to about 2,000 kg/ha, when the Al saturation was less than 10% (pH 5.6). The least response was obtained with the Coto soil (Oxisol, irrigated). The highest yield of 3,555 kg/ha was obtained when the Al saturation was less than 10%. About 71% of the maximum yield was obtained at over 30% Al saturation (pH 4.3). Variation in the acidity factors significantly affected the N and Ca content of the soybean leaves on the Ultisols, whereas the other nutrients were unaffected. In the Oxisol, only the Mn content was affected. Nodulation in the Ultisols was severely reduced as the percent Al saturation increased.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XIII. Cabbage

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-376
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
P Content

The effect of acidity factors of two Ultisols and one Oxisol on yield and foliar composition of cabbage was determined. On all soils, cabbage responded markedly in yield to liming, but response was stronger on the ultisols. All soil acidity factors correlated significantly with yields. On the Ultisols, yields increased with decreasing acidity up to the highest level of limiting, pH 5.6. Only 50% of maximum yield was obtained at 12-13%. AI saturation of the CEC and essentially no yields were produced at pH values below 4.5 with 50% Al saturation, a level of acidity common in Ultisols. About 50% of maximum yield was obtained at pH 4.7 with 25% Al saturation on the Oxisols compared with about 22% of maximum yield obtained at this level of acidity on the Ultisols. Density of the cabbage heads correlated positively with soil acidity on all soils. Soil acidity had no apparent effect on foliar composition of the basal leaves. Calcium content of the head leaves correlated negatively with soil acidity factors on the Ultisols. Basal leaves had a higher Ca content than head leaves and both had a higher Ca and a lower P content on the Coto soil than on the Corozal soils.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. VI. Grain Sorghum

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
P Content ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

The effects of various soil acidity factors on yield and foliar composition of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were determined. Sorghum responded strongly to liming in yield on two Ultisols and one Oxisol. The response was stronger on the Ultisols than on the Oxisol. On the Ultisols, yields of grain produced by a seed and a ratoon crop decreased as the percent Al saturation of the soil increased, averaging only 861 kg/ha on the Corozal clay, and only 428 kg/ha on the Corozal subsoil at the highest Al saturation percentage, as compared to 5,255 and 3,969 kg/ha with no Al, respectively. On the Oxisol, the yields were not so drastically reduced because the highest Al saturation attained was only 34%. On all soils, yields increased with increasing pH, and decreased as the Al/base ratio increased. The P content of the leaves decreased significantly with increasing soil acidity and was highly correlated with grain yields of the seed crop on the Ultisols. The Ca content of the leaves was not correlated with soil acidity factors, nor was it correlated as closely with yields as has been shown in crops such as soybean and corn.

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