Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. X. Pigeon Peas

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
F. Abruña ◽  
E. Rivera ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Leaf Composition

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and leaf composition of pigeon peas [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] was determined in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. Pigeon peas barely responded in yield to soil acidity levels in the Oxisol, but responded strongly to variations in soil acidity in the two Ultisols. Yields increased from almost zero at the highest level of acidity (about pH 4 and 80% Al saturation) to more than 8 t/ha at about pH 6.0 with no exchangeable Al present. Yields increased with increasing soil pH, decreasing exchangeable Al content, and increasing exchangeable Al:Ca ratio. Yields were highest when pH was about 6.0, exchangeable Al was less than 20%, and exchangeable Al:Ca was less than 1.0. Soil acidity did not affect leaf composition, except that Ca content decreased with increasing acidity and correlated well with yields, ranging from about 0.5% with lowest yields to more than 1% with the highest yields. Number of nodules per plant was not affected by acidity factors, except at the highest level of acidity, at which no nodules were found.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XII. Tomatoes

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The effect of acidity factors of two Ultisols and one Oxisol on yield and foliar composition of tomatoes was determined. Yields were not markedly reduced by acidity in the Ultisols until pH dropped to around 4.6 with 45% Al saturation of the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and no yield was produced at about pH 4.1 and 80% Al saturation. In the Oxisol, tomato yields dropped steadily from 39.7 t/ha, when there was no exchangeable AI, to 17.5 t/ha at the highest level of acidity, pH 4.4 and 43% AI saturation. In all soils, yields were closely correlated with soil pH, exchangeable Al and Ca and Al/Ca.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XIV. Plantains and Bananas

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Leaf Composition

The effect of soil acidity factors on yield components and leaf composition of plantains and bananas were studied on two Ultisols and one Oxisol. Both crops were extremely tolerant to soil acidity factors on all soils. On the Ultisols, plantains produced similar yields although pH varied from 4.1 to 6.0, and exchangeable Al contents from 0 to over 70% of the cation exchange capacity. On the Oxisol, similar yields were produced when pH varied from 4.25 to 5.25, and exchangeable Al contents from 0 to 48%. Soil acidity did not affect bunch weight or number or weight of fruits. Foliar composition was not affected except that Ca content decreased as acidity of the Ultisols increased. Similarly, bananas produced high yields of marketable fruit at all levels of soil acidity and none of the yield components were affected by the soil acidity factors. Foliar composition was not affected except that Ca content decreased with increasing acidity.

Effect of Soil pH and Related Acidity Factors on Yields of Sweetpotatoes and Soybeans Grown on Typical Soils of the Humid Tropics

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

The effects of soil pH and related acidity factors on the yields of sweetpotatoes, Miguela var., and soybeans, Jupiter var., were determined on typical Oxisols and Ultisols of Puerto Rico. The study revealed no significant effect of pH and acidity factors on the yield of the sweetpotato variety, which was quite tolerant to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Yields were similar to those obtained by other researchers who worked with other varieties. Soybeans, although relatively tolerant to high levels of exchangeable Al, were adversely affected when values surpassed 5.5 meq/100 g of soil in a clayey Ultisol. Exchangeable base content was directly related to soybean yield grown on a light textured Oxisol. Yields obtained are considered excellent. Highly significant correlations between soybean leaf N content and yield was found in the clayey Ultisol.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. VII. Dry Beans

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José A. Rodríguez García ◽  
José Badillo Feliciano
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Exchangeable Al

Yields of dry beans on a Corozal clay (Ultisol) dropped sharply when acidity increased beyond pH 4.7 and with 30% Al saturation of the effective CEC of the soil. No crop was produced at pH 4.1 with 80% Al saturation. Similar results were obtained on a Corozal clay subsoil, but the effect of increasing acidity on bean yields was much more marked. Lower yields were obtained on a Coto clay (Oxisol) with a relatively small response to soil acidity. For all soils combined, pH and percent Al saturation of the exchange capacity of the soil correlated very closely with yields. There was also a positive correlation between Ca content of the leaves and yields. Highest yields were obtained around pH 5.2 when there was essentially no exchangeable Al in the soil. Yields decreased to about 50% of maximum when Al saturation increased to 50%, and no yields were produced when Al saturation of the soil approached 80%.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico V. Sweet Potato.

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-267
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
José Badillo ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Leaf Composition ◽  
Mn Concentration

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and foliar composition of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L). Lam) were determined in three Ultisols and one Oxisol. Sweet potatoes responded moderately in yield to variations in soil acidity factors of three Ultisols, but did not on the Oxisol. On the Ultisols, soil acidity factors had very little effect on leaf composition. Yield increased with increasing soil pH, decreasing exchangeable Al content and decreasing exchangeable Al/base ratio. When all the soils, except Coto, were grouped together, the ratio of exchangeable Al to exchangeable bases explained 83% of the variation, the percent Al saturation 79%, and pH only 66%. Highest yields were obtained when pH was above 5, percent AI less than 20% and the Al exchangeable bases ratio less than .2. The lack of response in the Oxisol seems to be related to a reduced Al activity resulting from a high Mn concentration in the soil solution. Apparently sweet potato is very tolerant to high Mn concentrations in the soil solution.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. VIII. Yams

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-445
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
José A. Rodríguez García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Crop Response

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and foliar composition of yams (Dioscorea alata L) were determined in two Ultisols and an Oxisol. The yam cultivar Smooth Statia responded strongly to variations in soil acidity in the two Ultisols. Yields decreased sharply as % Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil increased. Relative yields dropped to about 60% of maximum when Al saturation was only about 10%, and to 20% of maximum when Al saturation was 50%, a level common among Ultisols of Puerto Rico. The high sensitivity of this crop to soil acidity is shown by the fact that yields were sharply reduced when pH dropped from 5.6 to 5.1, a level at which most crops show little or no response to liming. Foliar composition was not affected by soil acidity, except that Ca content decreased with decreasing soil pH and increasing Al saturation. Yields of cultivar of the same species as Smooth Statia and known locally as Name de Palo were not affected by soil acidity levels in an Oxisol.

The use of Ca-modified, brown-coal-derived humates and fulvates for treatment of soil acidity

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damayanthi Peiris ◽  
Antonio F. Patti ◽  
W. Roy Jackson ◽  
Marc Marshall ◽  
Christopher J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Over The Top

Previous workers have demonstrated the amelioration of soil acidity with Ca-saturated, at least slightly soluble, organic materials. This study investigated the effectiveness of a new source of such materials, the humate- or fulvate-rich products of oxidation (hydrogen peroxide) of Loy Yang brown coal. The products were characterised by physical and spectroscopic measurements and by elemental analysis. Two products, one approximately half fulvate (fulvate-rich), the other predominantly humate (humate-rich) were mixed with CaCl2 and then used to treat columns of an acid red podzol soil from Book Book, NSW. Leachate fractions were collected and analysed for pH, ionic strength, and concentration of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, and Al. After leaching (3 pore volumes), each soil column was sectioned and exchangeable Ca and Al contents were determined. The results were compared with those obtained from lime-treated and untreated columns.The Ca-fulvate-rich product was the most effective in lowering the exchangeable Al content of the soil whilst increasing exchangeable Ca and soil pH. About 90% of the reduction in exchangeable Al was due to loss of Al in the leachate rather than immobilisation. The pH increased over the top 15 cm of the column from 3.8 ± 0.1 to 4.5–5.4. The Ca-humate-rich oxidised product was less effective in ameliorating soil acidity, as expected from its chemical properties, but it increased soil pH (to 4.0–4.7) and exchangeable Ca in the top 6 cm of the column and decreased exchangeable Al in the top 12 cm. More of the reduction in exchangeable Al than for the treatment with Ca-fulvate-rich material was due to conversion to an immobile form. This material was superior to lime, which only gave significant improvement near the soil surface. The leachates from treated columns contained the same amounts of Mg, Mn, and K as a control, but more Fe was leached from treated columns, particularly that treated with the Ca-fulvate-rich product.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico X1. Cassava.

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
The Tropics

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), one of the major sources of carbohydrates throughout the tropics, was found to be very tolerant to high soil acidity in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. About 85% of maximum yields were obtained when Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil was around 60%, but highest yields were attained at about pH 5.3 with no exchangeable Al. Soil acidity factors did not affect the chemical composition of the cassava leaves, except for Mn, which increased with decreasing pH of the Oxisol. Tolerance of cassava to soil acidity was also confirmed by the fact that yields of 12 commercial varieties were not affected by Al saturation levels varying from 0 to 60% in an Ultisol.

Temporal variation in soil acidity

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
N. C. Uren ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
G. J. Poile ◽  
B. R. Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Eastern Australia

Seasonal variation in the response of crops and pastures to limestone application has been observed on acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. Our hypothesis was that temporal variation in soil acidity related factors may contribute to this variable response. Soils from 4 annual pasture sites were sampled at least monthly for 3 years during 1988–1990 to monitor changes in pH(CaCl2) and in concentrations of exchangeable aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn). The sites received no fertiliser or cultivation and therefore allowed for the estimation of natural temporal variation. Temporal variation in soil pH during a year ranged from 0 to 0·45 pH units depending on the site, soil depth, and the weather conditions. The larger changes in soil pH were associated with more extreme climatic conditions than normal, e.g. following the break of season after a hot, dry summer (autumn 1988) or during periods of above-average rainfall in autumn and early spring (1990). Temporal variation in pH was less than the spatial variability at the sites but greater than the long-term net acidification rate reported for the region. Temporal variation in the concentration of exchangeable Al ranged from 0 to 0·4 cmol(+)/kg during a year and varied primarily with the inverse of pH. Variations in the concentration of exchangeable Mn ranged from 0·05 to 0·35 cmol(+)/kg during a year. The concentration of exchangeable Mn increased over summer to an extent dependent on the drying of the soil. At the 2 sites with duplex profiles, maxima in the concentration of exchangeable Mn also occurred in spring, particularly in the warm wet spring of 1990. Soil tests for soil acidity therefore represent guides to probable risks of toxicity, as pH and the concentrations of exchangeable Al and Mn may change between soil sampling, sowing, and the period of crop or annual pasture growth. Such variations will alter the responsiveness of crops and pastures to lime.

scholarly journals Alleviating aluminum toxicity in an acid sulfate soil from Peninsular Malaysia by calcium silicate application

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Elisa ◽  
S. Ninomiya ◽  
J. Shamshuddin ◽  
I. Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

Abstract. In response to human population increase, the utilization of acid sulfate soils for rice cultivation is one option for increasing production. The main problems associated with such soils are their low pH values and their associated high content of exchangeable Al, which could be detrimental to crop growth. The application of soil amendments is one approach for mitigating this problem, and calcium silicate is an alternative soil amendment that could be used. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to ameliorate soil acidity in rice-cropped soil. The secondary objective was to study the effects of calcium silicate amendment on soil acidity, exchangeable Al, exchangeable Ca, and Si content. The soil was treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3 Mg ha−1 of calcium silicate under submerged conditions and the soil treatments were sampled every 30 days throughout an incubation period of 120 days. Application of calcium silicate induced a positive effect on soil pH and exchangeable Al; soil pH increased from 2.9 (initial) to 3.5, while exchangeable Al was reduced from 4.26 (initial) to 0.82 cmolc kg−1. Furthermore, the exchangeable Ca and Si contents increased from 1.68 (initial) to 4.94 cmolc kg−1 and from 21.21 (initial) to 81.71 mg kg−1, respectively. Therefore, it was noted that calcium silicate was effective at alleviating Al toxicity in acid sulfate, rice-cropped soil, yielding values below the critical level of 2 cmolc kg−1. In addition, application of calcium silicate showed an ameliorative effect as it increased soil pH and supplied substantial amounts of Ca and Si.

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