Nitrate leaching under different levels of irrigation for three turfgrasses in southern Puerto Rico.

1969 ◽  
Vol 92 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
José Paulino-Paulino ◽  
Eric W. Harmsen ◽  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Luis E. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Color Index ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Inadequate nutrient and irrigation management of turfgrass may result in nitrate (N03) losses by leaching, and may contribute to elevated N03-N concentrations in groundwater. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels on the N03-N concentration in soil solution and the mass of total N03-N lost by leaching for three grasses: Bermuda [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], Centipede [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack], and Zoysia manila [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. The study was conducted at Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico, on a San Antón soil (fine-clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic Cumulic Haplustolls) from June 2001 until September 2002. Soil water N03-N concentrations below the root zone were obtained from water samples collected from suction lysimeters. The levels of irrigation applied were 75,100 and 125% of the daily evapotranspiration (ET), calculated by using the pan evaporation method. Grass was fertilized with 165 kg N/ha/yr, split into four applications. The Bermuda grass exhibited the highest rate of horizontal growth (cover), reaching maximum cover in 45 days, whereas the others reached maximum cover in 120 days. Bermuda grass was the most efficient in reducing the loss of N03-N, with a mean annual soil water concentration below the root zone of 3.24 mg/L, whereas Zoysia and Centipede grasses were less efficient with mean annual soil water concentrations below the root zone of 17.4 and 17.8 mg/L, respectively. The soil solution concentration of N03-N did not change significantly for the Bermuda grass with increases in the level of irrigation. However, lower mean annual N03-N concentrations were observed for the Centipede and Zoysia grasses at the irrigation levels of 100% and 75% ET, with mean values of 14.0 and 11.1 mg/L, respectively. The Bermuda grass had an acceptable color index at the 100% ET, and resulted in decreased N03-N concentrations and mass losses. On the other hand, Zoysia and Centipede grasses presented a commercially acceptable color index and minimal N03-N leaching at the 75% ET irrigation level. The results from this study provide valuable information related to water and nutrient management for the turfgrass industry in southern Puerto Rico.

Effects of the combined application of biomaterial amendments and polyacrylamide on soil water and maize growth under deficit irrigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Yajin Hu ◽  
Nini Guo ◽  
Robert L. Hill ◽  
Shufang Wu ◽  
Qin’ge Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Combined applications of mixed biomaterial amendments and polyacrylamide (MBAP) to maize in semiarid areas have the potential to improve soil physical properties such that improved crop performance may be obtained under deficient irrigation management. In this study, three MBAP applications were C0 (conventional N fertilization application) and C2 and C4 (MBAP applied at rates of 2 and 4 t ha−1, respectively); three irrigation levels were W3 (nearly full irrigation, 85%–100% of field capacity), W2 (light deficit irrigation, 65%–75% of field capacity), and W1 (medium deficit irrigation, 55%–65% of field capacity). Under the same irrigation level, the MBAP significantly decreased soil bulk densities and increased soil hydraulic conductivities and soil water contents. The effects of irrigation levels on soil bulk densities and soil saturated hydraulic conductivities were not significant. Consequently, MBAP improved soil conditions for maize growth and increased grain and biomass yields, especially at the two deficit irrigation levels. Compared with that of C0, grain yields for C2 and C4 were increased by 52.8% and 39.3% under W2, and by 23.5% and 13.7% under W1, respectively. The MBAP and irrigation had significant interaction effects on evapotranspiration during sowing to jointing and on plant heights at 32 d after sowing. The incorporation of MBAP (2 t ha−1) and chemical fertilizer (111.8 kg N ha−1) resulted in the greatest yields under light deficit irrigation and seemed the best approach to improve soil physical properties and sustain maize productivity using limited water resources in dryland regions.

scholarly journals Using Soil Solution Monitoring to Determine the Effects of Irrigation Management and Fertigation on Nitrogen Availability in High-density Apple Orchards

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
E.J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) is an efficient method of supplying nutrients to fruit trees. Information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs on N availability in order to target nutrient applications to meet plant demands. Soil solution was collected from permanently installed suction lysimeters and NO3-N concentration was measured over the growing season in three experiments: 1) comparison of sprinkler irrigation + broadcast fertilizer with weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation; 2) comparison of (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 as N sources under daily fertigation; and 3) comparisons of combinations of irrigation applied at either fixed rates or to meet evaporative demand and fertilizer (Ca(NO3)2) applied daily either at fixed rates or to maintain a given concentration in the fertigation solution in two soil types—loamy sand and silt loam. Trials are located in high density apple plantings of either `Gala' or `Empire' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) on M.9 rootstock. Nitrate-N concentration in the soil solution measured at 30 cm deep remained higher, over more of the growing season, for weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation than for a single broadcast fertilizer application + sprinkler irrigation. With daily Ca(NO3)2 fertigation, soil solution NO3- N concentrations increased and decreased rapidly with the onset and end of fertigation respectively, remained relatively constant during the intervening period and were directly proportional to either the amount of N or the amount of irrigation water added. Daily fertigation with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in less control of NO3-N availability in the root-zone than with Ca(NO3)2, which may be problematic for precise timing of N nutrition. Except for the fixed irrigation rate applied to the loamy sand soil, soil solution NO3-N concentrations at 30 cm beneath the emitter were similar to average concentrations in the fertigating solution, for all methods of irrigation management in both soil types. Elevated NO3-N concentrations in soil solution below the root zone (75 cm deep) were detected in the loamy sand regardless of methods of N application and irrigation although there was some evidence of less leaching to this depth, under scheduled irrigation. In the silt loam soil, considerably lower concentrations of NO3-N were found beneath the root zone than at 30 cm deep for all of irrigation procedures and frequently there was insufficient water moving to 75 cm to provide sample. Tree growth in the loamy sand was less than in the silt loam soil; was limited by low application of irrigation water in 1992 and 1993; was unaffected by NO3-N concentration in the root zone, indicating that N inputs could be minimized by adding N to maintain concentrations of 75 μg·mL-1 or possibly less. Nitrogen inputs may also be reduced if fertilizer N and irrigation water could be retained within the root zone. For coarse-textured soils this will require precise additions of water and possibly soil amendments to improve water holding capacity.

Assessment of nitrification and urease inhibitors on nitrate leaching in corn (Zea mays L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy A. Pawlick ◽  
Claudia Wagner-Riddle ◽  
Gary W. Parkin ◽  
Aaron A. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Large Field ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method

Agricultural ecosystems are one of the largest global contributors to nitrate (NO3−) contamination of surface- and groundwater through fertilizer application. Improved fertilizer practices are needed to manage crop nutrient supply in corn (Zea mays L.) while minimizing impacts to clean water reserves. The goal of this study was to compare current nitrogen (N) fertilizer practices (urea at planting) with “packages” of improved management practices (a combination of right timing and product) that farmers potentially use. We conducted measurements in a continuous corn system from November 2015 to May 2017 at a large field scale (four 4 ha plots). Nitrate concentration was measured below the root zone and drainage estimated using a soil water budget approach in which evapotranspiration was measured using the eddy covariance method. The objective was to compare NO3−-N leaching from fields receiving urea vs. urea + combination of nitrification and urease inhibitors (NUI) fertilizer applications at planting, urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) vs. UAN + NUI applied at sidedress, and a combination of these practices: urea + NUI at planting vs. UAN at sidedress. Drainage was only significant in the non-growing season. Neither fertilizer products applied with NUI at planting or sidedress proved to significantly reduce NO3−-N leaching. The combination of delaying fertilization to sidedress and applying UAN significantly reduced the soil water NO3−-N concentration compared with urea + NUI at planting (mean of 5.2 vs. 6.7 mg L−1) but only in 2015–2016. Based on these results, applying UAN at sidedress is recommended, although additional study years are needed to confirm those results.

Soil Salinization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Osmotic Effect

Salt accumulation in soils, affecting agricultural productivity, environmental health, and the economy of the community, is a global phenomenon since the decline of ancient Mesopotamian civilization by salinity. The global distribution of salt-affected soils is estimated to be around 830 million hectares extending over all the continents, including Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas. The concentration and composition of salts depend on several resources and processes of salt accumulation in soil layers. Major types of soil salinization include groundwater associated salinity, non–groundwater-associated salinity, and irrigation-induced salinity. There are several soil processes which lead to salt build-up in the root zone interfering with the growth and physiological functions of plants. Salts, depending on the ionic composition and concentration, can also affect many soil processes, such as soil water dynamics, soil structural stability, solubility of essential nutrients, and pH and pE of soil water—all indirectly hindering plant growth. The direct effect of salinity includes the osmotic effect affecting water and nutrient uptake and the toxicity or deficiency due to high concentration of certain ions. The plan of action to resolve the problems associated with soil salinization should focus on prevention of salt accumulation, removal of accumulated salts, and adaptation to a saline environment. Successful utilization of salinized soils needs appropriate soil and irrigation management and improvement of plants by breeding and genetic engineering techniques to tolerate different levels of salinity and associated abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Soil Water Studies on Oxisols and Ultisols of Puerto Rico: III. Capillary Conductivity

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-512
Author(s):  
James M. Wolf ◽  
Matthew Drosdoff
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Root Zone

Values of capillary conductivity were calculated for the Humatas and Bayamón soils. These were found to be highly water content dependent. Using values of capillary conductivity, it was estimated that 10% of the water required for evapotranspiration might be supplied by upward water movement from the profile below the root zone.

scholarly journals Optimizing Sensor-Based Irrigation Management in a Soilless Vertical Farm for Growing Microgreens

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahya Tavan ◽  
Benjamin Wee ◽  
Graham Brodie ◽  
Sigfredo Fuentes ◽  
Alexis Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Crop Water Stress Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Levels

With water resources constantly becoming scarcer, and 70% of freshwater used for the agriculture sector, there is a growing need for innovative methods to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of food production systems and provide nutrient-dense food to an increasing population. Sensor technology has recently been introduced to the horticulture industry to increase resource use efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts of excessive water use. Identifying the effects of irrigation levels on crop performance is crucial for the success of sensor-based water management. This research aimed to optimize WUE in a soilless microgreen production system through identification of an optimal irrigation level using a sensor that could facilitate the development of a more efficient, low-cost automated irrigation system. A dielectric moisture sensor was implemented to monitor water levels at five irrigation setpoints: 7.5, 17.5, 25, 30, and 35 percent of the effective volume of the container (EVC) during a 14-day growth cycle. To validate the sensor performance, the same irrigation levels were applied to a parallel trial, without sensor, and water levels were monitored gravimetrically. Plant water status and stress reaction were evaluated using infrared thermal imaging, and the accumulation of osmolytes (proline) was determined. Results showed that, proline concentration, canopy temperature (Tc), canopy temperature depression (CTD), and crop water stress index (CWSI) increased at 7.5% EVC in both sensor-based and gravimetric treatments, and infrared index (Ig) and fresh yield decreased. The dielectric moisture sensor was effective in increasing WUE. The irrigation level of 17.5% EVC was found to be optimal. It resulted in a WUE of 88 g/L, an improvement of 30% over the gravimetric method at the same irrigation level. Furthermore, fresh yield increased by 11.5%. The outcome of this study could contribute to the automation of precision irrigation in hydroponically grown microgreens.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of melon under silicon doses and irrigation management in a greenhouse

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Cláudia Salim Lozano ◽  
Roberto Rezende ◽  
Tiago Luan Hachmann ◽  
Fernando André Silva Santos ◽  
Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Irrigation Levels

ABSTRACT The netted melon requires special growing conditions, including a protected environment, an adequate staking system and proper water and nutrient management. This study aimed to assess the effect of irrigation levels and silicon doses on the yield and quality of Sunrise hybrid melons, in a greenhouse. A randomized block design was used, with a 5 x 3 factorial scheme and four replications. The first factor consisted of five silicon doses (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1) and the second of three irrigation levels (40 %, 70 % and 100 % of the ETc). The results demonstrated that the applied irrigation levels and silicon doses have no influence on the yield traits of melon plants. The irrigation level corresponding to 100 % of the ETc promotes higher values for soluble solids (9.86 ºBrix) and maturation index (114.9) on fruits. The increase of silicon doses up to 200 kg ha-1 also increases the maturation index in the treatment with the greatest irrigation level and reduces this index at the shallowest level applied.

Processing tomato fruit quality: influence of soil water deficits at flowering and ripening

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Richard Renquist ◽  
Jeff B. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Water Deficits

One way to reduce the production cost of tomato solids is to increase fruit solids at harvest time. In a field trial using 200-L containers the effects of early and late soil water deficits (treatments DE and DL) on fruit yield and quality were tested during either flowering or late fruit growth. The effect of standard irrigation, with water cut off during the 3–5 weeks before harvest (SC), was also compared with full-season irrigation (FS). Manual irrigation of containers twice per week replaced soil water loss, measured by time domain reflectometry. A rain shelter was used as needed. The duration of the DL treatment was 43 days, which was intended to equate to 60–70 days of slower root-zone drying by finer textured field soils. Soil matric potentials were as low as –1500 kPa during both DE and DL. Fruit colour change was accelerated by DL; fruit were 97% red at harvest as against 89–93% for the other 3 regimes. Fruit yields of treatments other than DL were all near 93 t/ha. Yield of DL was reduced 38%, mainly due to 35% smaller fruit. Fruit quality parameters [soluble solids concentration (SSC), total solids, and titratable aciditymp;rsqb; were similar in the 3 higher yielding regimes, but were much greater in the DL treatment. Fruit pH was also more favourable (i.e. lower) in DL. The SSC was 2.8;deg;Brix higher in DL, sufficiently so that soluble solids yield/ha was not significantly lower than other treatments. This occurred without a decrease in juice viscosity or consistency (Bostwick). Simple models were developed for predicting soil water deficit effects on fruit quality. There is clearly an opportunity for irrigation management to improve tomato processing quality and profitability.

scholarly journals Helicônia cv. Golden Torch cultivada sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação em ambiente protegido

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Alcilane Arnaldo Silva ◽  
Márkilla Zunete Beckmann-Cavalcante ◽  
Everaldo Moreira da Silva ◽  
Bruno Ettore Pavan ◽  
Jackson Teixeira Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Class A ◽  
Flower Stem ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Inflorescence Length

The genus Heliconia is commercially detached by the exotic appearance of the inflorescences but is susceptible to lack of moisture in the soil, being necessary the irrigation management. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on the plant growth and productive characters of Heliconia psittacorum cv. Golden Torch cultivated in vase. The experiment was conducted from March to October 2014, in a randomized blocks design. Five treatments corresponding to the different irrigation levels were used [50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the evaporation measured in Class A (ECA)] with four replicates and two plants per replicate. The following evaluations were carried out: number of days for the emergence of the first tiller, number of days for the emergence of the first inflorescence, number of days for the inflorescence harvest, crop cycle, diameter of the flower stem, length of the flower stem, inflorescence length, plant high, number of tillers and productivity of flower stems. Chlorophyll and leaf area measurements were performed. The irrigation levels tested significantly influenced the number of days for the first inflorescence harvest, length of the flower stem and inflorescence length. The irrigation level of 150% ECA provided better results for the length of the flower stem, inflorescence length and for leaf area but without differences from 75%, 100% and 125% ECA. Thus, for the cultivation of the heliconia cv. Golden Torch in pot can be recommended the level corresponding from 75% to 150% ECA.

scholarly journals THREE-DIMENSIONAL WATER EXTRACTION IN THE ROOT ZONE OF DRIP-IRRIGATED TOMATO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-678
Author(s):  
Alisson Silva ◽  
Valéria Almeida Jatobá ◽  
Francisco Airderson Lima Nascimento ◽  
Allan Radax Freitas Campos ◽  
Jilcélio Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Tomato Crop

THREE-DIMENSIONAL WATER EXTRACTION IN THE ROOT ZONE OF DRIP-IRRIGATED TOMATO     FRANCISCO AIRDESSON LIMA DO NASCIMENTO¹; ALISSON JADAVI PEREIRA DA SILA²; VALERIA ALMEIDA JATOBA³; ALLAN RADAX FREITAS CAMPOS4 E JILCÉLIO NUNES DE ALMEIDA³   1- Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB),  Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected];   2- Professor Doutor do Intituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), Campus Governador Mangabeira, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, 656, Centro, 44350-000, Gov. Mangabeira, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]; 3- Licenciado(a) em Ciências Agrárias pelo Intituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), Campus Senhor do Bonfim, Estrada da Igara, s/n, Zona Rural, 48970-000, Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]; 4- Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (URFB),  Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected].     1 ABSTRACT   Soil water sensing is a common alternative for irrigation management. Due to the difficulty to determine the spatial-temporal variability of water extraction (WE) in the root zone of a crop it is still arbitrary the definition of number and position of water content sensors to be installed for irrigation management purposes. The main objectives of this work are to use Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to detail –  in three-dimensions – WE in the root zone of tomato plants cultivated in covered and uncovered soil; and, to evaluate if there are differences in the values of tomato crop evapotranspiration (ET) determined through soil water balance (SWB) with one, two, three and four TDR probe monitoring profiles. The study was carried out under semiarid condition. Tomatoes were grown in the field and two drainage lysimeters were installed in the center of cultivation area. In one lysimeter the soil surface was maintained uncovered, while in the other the soil surface was covered with a black plastic canvas. Eight TDR probes were installed within each lysimeter for the three-dimensional monitoring of soil water content (SWC). WE was estimated with SWC data. It was found that WE in tomato root zone is more intense in regions of greater water availability in the soil, i.e, on wet wet bulb formed inside the soil. There are no differences in the estimation of tomato crop evapotranspiration through soil water balance varying the position of two-dimensional soil water content monitoring. However, when soil water balance is performed in three-dimensions there may be large differences in daily tomato crop evapotranspiration estimation compared to the two-dimensional soil water balance.   Keywords: tomato, sensor placement, irrigation management.      NASCIMENTO, F.A. L.; SILVA, A. J.P.; JATOBA, V.A.;  CAMPOS, A.R.F.; ALMEIDA, J.N EXTRAÇÃO TRI-DIMENSIONAL DE ÁGUA NA ZONA RADICULAR DO TOMATEIRO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO   2 RESUMO   O sensoriamento de água no solo é uma comum alternativa para o manejo da irrigação. Devido à dificuldade em se determinar a variabilidade espaço-temporal da extração de água na zona radicular dos cultivos, ainda é arbitrária a definição do número e posicionamento de sensores de água no solo a serem instalados para fins de manejo de irrigação. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o referido trabalho utilizar a Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR) para detalhar, em três dimensões, a extração de água pelo tomateiro em cultivo com solo coberto e descoberto, e verificar se existem diferenças nos valores de evapotranspiração da cultura determinados pelo balanço de água no solo com um, dois, três e quatro perfis de monitoramento. O trabalho foi conduzido em condição semiárida nas fases de floração e frutificação da cultura. Montou-se um sistema de aquisição de dados, composto por uma TDR 100 e um datalogger modelo CR 800 para leitura e armazenamento de dados do conteúdo de água no solo. Dois lisímetros de drenagem foram instalados no centro de uma área de cultivo, sendo um mantido com a superfície do solo coberto com lona plástica. Em cada lisímetro, foram distribuídas oito sondas de TDR de modo a formar quatro perfis de monitoramento na zona radicular do tomateiro. A extração de água da zona radicular do tomateiro é mais intensa na região de maior disponibilidade de água, especificamente, na região do bulbo molhado. Não há diferença nos valores de evapotranspiração do tomateiro estimado variando-se a posição do perfil bi-dimensional. Entratanto, ao se comparar valores diários de evapotranspiração do tomateiro estimado com balanço de água no solo realizado em duas e três-dimensões, verificou-se haver  largas diferenças.   Palavras-chave: tomate, extração de água no solo, manejo da irrigação.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document