Optimizing Sensor-Based Irrigation Management in a Soilless Vertical Farm for Growing Microgreens

With water resources constantly becoming scarcer, and 70% of freshwater used for the agriculture sector, there is a growing need for innovative methods to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of food production systems and provide nutrient-dense food to an increasing population. Sensor technology has recently been introduced to the horticulture industry to increase resource use efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts of excessive water use. Identifying the effects of irrigation levels on crop performance is crucial for the success of sensor-based water management. This research aimed to optimize WUE in a soilless microgreen production system through identification of an optimal irrigation level using a sensor that could facilitate the development of a more efficient, low-cost automated irrigation system. A dielectric moisture sensor was implemented to monitor water levels at five irrigation setpoints: 7.5, 17.5, 25, 30, and 35 percent of the effective volume of the container (EVC) during a 14-day growth cycle. To validate the sensor performance, the same irrigation levels were applied to a parallel trial, without sensor, and water levels were monitored gravimetrically. Plant water status and stress reaction were evaluated using infrared thermal imaging, and the accumulation of osmolytes (proline) was determined. Results showed that, proline concentration, canopy temperature (Tc), canopy temperature depression (CTD), and crop water stress index (CWSI) increased at 7.5% EVC in both sensor-based and gravimetric treatments, and infrared index (Ig) and fresh yield decreased. The dielectric moisture sensor was effective in increasing WUE. The irrigation level of 17.5% EVC was found to be optimal. It resulted in a WUE of 88 g/L, an improvement of 30% over the gravimetric method at the same irrigation level. Furthermore, fresh yield increased by 11.5%. The outcome of this study could contribute to the automation of precision irrigation in hydroponically grown microgreens.

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Carrot yield and water-use efficiency under different mulching, organic fertilization and irrigation levels

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n7p445-450 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 445-450

Author(s):

Daniel F. de Carvalho ◽

Daniela P. Gomes ◽

Dionizio H. de Oliveira Neto ◽

José G. M. Guerra ◽

Janaína R. C. Rouws ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Gliricidia Sepium ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Crop Evapotranspiration ◽

Organic Fertilization ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Water Depths

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the contributions to the optimization of water use in a carrot crop under different forms of mulch using Gliricidia sepium, fertilization with castor bean cakes and irrigation water depths. The experiment was conducted in Seropédica, RJ, Brazil (22º 46’ S and 43º 41’ W), from June to September 2010. The experiment was conducted using a split-split-plot scheme (5 x 3 x 2), with four replicates. The five plots had irrigation depths corresponding to 0, 43, 72, 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc); the three subplots contained the different forms of mulch (whole leaves (WL) and chopped leaves and branches (CLB)) and the absence of mulch (AM); and the two sub-subplots contained either the presence (PF) or absence of fertilization (AF). Using time domain reflectometry (TDR) in the irrigation management, water depths ranging from 67.8 to 285.5 mm were applied. The use of mulch in association with fertilization led to higher yields and water-use efficiency (WUE) of the carrot plants, and the mulch composed of WL performed best. The application of irrigation depths corresponding to 97% of ETc promoted the highest carrot yields, although the highest values of WUE were observed, with irrigation depths corresponding to a range from 51 to 68% of ETc.

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Effects of a Nonionic Surfactant on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration of New Guinea Impatiens in the Greenhouse1

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-36.2.73 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

Xiaomei Yang ◽

Wenliang Lu ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

New Guinea ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

New Guinea Impatiens

Abstract Production of quality greenhouse and nursery crops is dependent on high quality and quantities of water. At present, in some regions, insufficient water supply is a growing concern. This study was conducted to evaluate growth of New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii 'Celebrate Salmon'), when watered with a polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (C58H114O26) solution commercially known as Tween 20, at differing irrigation levels compared with a conventional water regimen without the surfactant, and also to determine how Tween 20 would affect photosynthesis and transpiration. The treatment design was a 3 by 6 complete factorial design plus a control. The two factors were irrigation and Tween 20. Irrigation levels of 20%, 40%, or 60% of the full crop evapotranspiration (ET) requirements were used in combination with Tween 20 concentrations of either 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 mg·L−1 (0, 0.003338, 0.00668, 0.0100145, 0.01335, or 0.01669 oz per gallon). The control group was watered with tap water to container capacity with about 30% leachate. Evapotranspiration was determined as the difference of the applied water amount minus the leachate of the control. Plants irrigated with Tween 20 from 25 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.003338 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 40% or 60% irrigation level had the same height and growth index as plants in the control after three months of growth. Plant fresh and dry weights were not different between the control and the treatments of Tween 20 from 50 to 125 mg·L−1 (0.00668 to 0.01669 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level or the treatment of Tween 20 at 100 mg·L−1 (0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 40% irrigation level. Tween 20 had no effect on net photosynthetic rate. Tween 20 decreased the amount of transpired water of New Guinea impatiens 'Celebrate Salmon'. When the Tween 20 concentration increased from 0 to 100 mg·L−1 (0 to 0.01335 oz per gallon) at the 60% irrigation level, the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased markedly by 43% and 47%, respectively, and water use efficiency was increased by 47%. Results from this study suggest that Tween 20 is able to increase plant water use efficiency through regulation of stomatal conductance or transpiration under deficit irrigation. Index words: irrigation management, chemigation, source-sink physiology, deficit irrigation, wetting agent, Tween 20, adjuvant. Species used in this study: New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens hawkerii W. Bull. 'Celebrate Salmon'). Chemicals used in this study: Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). (aka: polysorbate 20, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate)

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Water-Yield Relationship Responses of Maize to Ridge-Furrow Planting Systems Coupled with Multiple Irrigation Levels in China’s Horqin Sandy Land

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8100221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 221 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhaoquan He ◽

Tonghui Zhang ◽

Xinping Liu ◽

Xue Shang

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Water Use ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Irrigation Water Use ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Film Mulching ◽

Irrigation Levels

Water scarcity threatens the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions, and ridge-furrow planting systems (RFPS) can be a prospective rainwater harvesting approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a promising water-saving strategy to boost maize productivity and water use efficiency (WUE). In 2017, we carried out a field experiment to study the effects of various RFPS with multiple irrigation levels on the yield-water relationship of maize (Zea mays L.). Eleven treatments were set up: RFPS with film mulching on both ridges and furrows and without water supply after seed emergence, abbreviated as QF; RFPS with film mulching on continuous ridges, abbreviated as MD, including SMD, MMD, and LMD (S, M, and L—three water supply (irrigation plus precipitation) levels of 650 mm, 500 mm, and 350 mm during the whole growing season); RFPS without film mulching, abbreviated as DD, including SDD, MDD, and LDD; conventional flat planting with no film mulching, abbreviated as GG, including SGG, MGG, and LGG; localized full irrigation (actual amount of irrigation excessively exceeding the quantity needed), abbreviated as NM. A positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.95–1), a quadratic curve, and a negative linear relationship were observed between the irrigation water level and actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc), grain yield, and WUE, respectively. The ETc of QF (292 mm) was substantially lower than that of the other treatments (p < 0.01), saving 649 mm of irrigation water and increasing the yield by 2.24% compared with those of NM. Meanwhile, the WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of QF reached maximums of 6.3 and 47.36 kg m−3, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other treatments (p < 0.001). The results showed that planting in an RFPS with film mulching on both ridges and furrows (a ridge-to-furrow ratio of 50:30, with a 38 mm irrigation level) is suitable for maize to obtain high yield and reduce irrigation water use significantly.

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Hybrid Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue Turfgrass Irrigation in Central California: II. Assessment of NDVI, CWSI, and Canopy Temperature Dynamics

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11091733 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1733

Author(s):

Amir Haghverdi ◽

Maggie Reiter ◽

Amninder Singh ◽

Anish Sapkota

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Crop Water Stress Index ◽

Central California ◽

Irrigation Levels

As the drought conditions persist in California and water continues to become less available, the development of methods to reduce water inputs is extremely important. Therefore, improving irrigation water use efficiency and developing water conservation strategies is crucial for maintaining urban green infrastructure. This two-year field irrigation project (2018–2019) focused on the application of optical and thermal remote sensing for turfgrass irrigation management in central California. We monitored the response of hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue to varying irrigation treatments, including irrigation levels (percentages of reference evapotranspiration, ETo) and irrigation frequency. The ground-based remote sensing data included NDVI and canopy temperature, which was subsequently used to calculate the crop water stress index (CWSI). The measurements were done within two hours of solar noon under cloud-free conditions. The NDVI and canopy temperature data were collected 21 times in 2018 and 10 times in 2019. For the tall fescue, a strong relationship was observed between NDVI and visual rating (VR) values in both 2018 (r = 0.92) and 2019 (r = 0.83). For the hybrid bermudagrass, there was no correlation in 2018 and a moderate correlation (r = 0.72) in 2019. There was a moderate correlation of 0.64 and 0.88 in 2018 and 2019 between tall fescue canopy minus air temperature difference (dt) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for the lower CWSI baseline. The correlation between hybrid bermudagrass dt and VPD for the lower baseline was 0.69 in 2018 and 0.64 in 2019. Irrigation levels significantly impacted tall fescue canopy temperature but showed no significant effect on hybrid bermudagrass canopy temperature. For the same irrigation levels, increasing irrigation frequency slightly but consistently decreased canopy temperature without compromising the turfgrass quality. The empirical CWSI values violated the minimum expected value (of 0) 38% of the time. Our results suggest NDVI thresholds of 0.6–0.65 for tall fescue and 0.5 for hybrid bermudagrass to maintain acceptable quality in the central California region. Further investigation is needed to verify the thresholds obtained in this study, particularly for hybrid bermudagrass, as the recommendation is only based on 2019 data. No CWSI threshold was determined to maintain turf quality in the acceptable range because of the high variability of CWSI values over time and their low correlation with VR values.

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MANEJO DE IRRIGAÇÃO PARA A ALFACE AMERICANA CULTIVADA EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i2.5024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 118

Author(s):

Taynara Tuany Borges Valeriano ◽

Márcio José Santana ◽

Marcos Vinícius de Jesus ◽

Letícia De Souza Leite

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Rational Management ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Levels

A produção de alface em ambiente protegido, aliada ao uso de práticas como a irrigação, contribui para o aumento da produtividade e melhoria na qualidade desta hortaliça. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os métodos do Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves e Drenos Coletores, utilizados para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), bem como seus efeitos sobre a produtividade da alface americana, em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com oito repetições e cinco métodos climáticos de estimativa da ETo e ETc, Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo (Minitanque) e Drenos coletores de água de percolação. As variáveis analisadas foram, massa total da planta, massa comercial, massa seca da cabeça, número de folhas internas e eficiência do uso da água. Os métodos climáticos representados pelas equações de Hargreaves e Blaney-Criddle apresentaram desempenho superior aos tanques evaporímetros, com produção comercial de 191,10 g planta-1 para o método de Hargreaves e de 173 g planta-1 para Blaney – Criddle. A maior eficiência do uso da água foi obtida utilizando também os métodos de Hargreaves e Blaney – Criddle, sendo estas 0,64 e 0,67 g mm-1, respectivamente.Palavra-chave: eficiência do uso da água, evapotranspiração, Lactuca sativa L., estresse hídrico. IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT METHODS CRISPHEAD LETTUCE GROWN IN A GREENHOUSE ABSTRACT:Lettuce is the main herbaceous vegetable in production and consumption of the Brazil. It is a culture dependent primarily of water, and its production in a protected environment, coupled with the use of irrigation practices, can contribute to increased yield and improved quality of vegetable. In this context and in the national water scenario the use of irrigation management techniques is essential. The current experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of irrigation established by different methods in the yield of lettuce grown in protected environment. The cultivar used was Taina, the crisphead type. The experimental design was a randomized block with 8 repetitions, 5 management methods of irrigation. Irrigation levels were established by equations Hargreaves, Blaney-Criddle, Tanque Classe A, Tanque Alternativo and Drenos Coletores. The variables evaluated were: total weight of the plant, yield (commercial weight or head), dry mass of head, number of inner leaves, head circumference, diameter and efficiency of water use. It was observed that climate methods represented by the equation Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle outperformed the evaporimeters tanks when installed within protected environments. The greater efficiency of water use was obtained using the method Hargreaves and Blaney - Criddle, which is 0.64 and 0.67 g mm-1, respectively.Keywords: water use efficiency, evapotranspiration, Lactuca sativa L., rational management. DOI:

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Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11040313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 313

Author(s):

Guoqiang Zhang ◽

Bo Ming ◽

Dongping Shen ◽

Ruizhi Xie ◽

Peng Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Leaf Area Index ◽

Water Use ◽

Plant Density ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Area Index ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

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Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Reduced N Fertilization on Plant Growth, Root Morphology and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Grown in Soilless Culture

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11020228 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 228

Author(s):

Ikram Ullah ◽

Hanping Mao ◽

Ghulam Rasool ◽

Hongyan Gao ◽

Qaiser Javed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Water Levels ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Water Use ◽

Use Efficiency

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various irrigation water (W) and nitrogen (N) levels on growth, root-shoot morphology, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse tomatoes in spring–summer and fall–winter. The experiment consisted of three irrigation water levels (W: 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80%, and 60% of full irrigation) and three N application levels (N: 100%, 75%, and 50% of the standard nitrogen concentration in Hoagland’s solution treatments equivalent to 15, 11.25, 7.5 mM). All the growth parameters of tomato significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with the decrease in the amount of irrigation and nitrogen application. Results depicted that a slight decrease in irrigation and an increase in N supply improved average root diameter, total root length, and root surface area, while the interaction was observed non-significant at average diameter of roots. Compared to the control, W80 N100 was statistically non-significant in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The W80 N100 resulted in a yield decrease of 2.90% and 8.75% but increased irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) by 21.40% and 14.06%. Among interactions, the reduction in a single factor at W80 N100 and W100 N75 compensated the growth and yield. Hence, W80 N100 was found to be optimal regarding yield and IWUE, with 80% of irrigation water and 15 mM of N fertilization for soilless tomato production in greenhouses.

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Integrated Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Sowing Methods on Weed Dynamics and System Productivity of Maize–Cowpea Sequence on Vertisols

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 808

Author(s):

Hanamant M. Halli ◽

Sanganabasappa Angadi ◽

Prabhu Govindasamy ◽

Raghavendra Madar ◽

Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

System Productivity ◽

Weed Density ◽

Soil Moisture Availability ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Weed Dynamics ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Irrigation Levels

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of sowing methods and deficit irrigation on weed dynamics, yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of the maize–cowpea system during the summer and monsoon seasons, respectively. The field experiment was carried out for two years (2015 and 2016) using a split design with three replicates under irrigated (maize) and rainfed (cowpea) conditions on vertisols of a semi-arid region. Treatments included three sowing methods [i.e., broad bed and furrow (BBF), corrugated furrow (CF) and ridges and furrow (RF)] and four irrigation levels [i.e., irrigation once in 10 days (I10D), irrigation at 40% (I40), at 50% (I50) and at 60% (I60) depletion]. The results indicated that, regardless of weed flora (monocots, dicots and sedges), the RF method produced higher weed density (2.09–2.98 No. m−2) compared to CF (2.00–2.80 No. m−2) and BBF (1.85–2.64 No. m−2) in maize at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The RF method with irrigation at I40 and I50 recorded significantly higher weed density, followed by the CF and BBF method. A similar trend was also observed with dry weight of weeds (monocot; 24.19%, dicot; 25.52%, and sedges; 29.80%) in maize at 30 and 60 DAS. Higher weed density and dry weight of weeds in the RF method with I40 was due to higher soil moisture availability and higher nutrient uptake due to larger lateral wetting of the soil and greater water use (29.27%). However, the BBF method favoured the growth of weeds (9.33–16.60%) in cowpea at 55 DAS and coped under rain-fed situation over CF and RF. The CF with moderate depletion (I50) method produced significantly higher maize equivalent yield (MEY) of cowpea (10,000 kg ha−1) with considerable reduction in the total water usage (19.33%). Therefore, under a water scarcity situation, growers can practice CF and I50 for higher yield and WUE of maize–cowpea sequence cropping.

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INFLUÊNCIA DA COBERTURA MORTA NA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO, COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO E EFICIÊNCIA DE USO DE ÁGUA DO MILHO CULTIVADO EM CERRADO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2016v21n2p352-364 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 352

Author(s):

HIPÓLITO MURGA-ORRILLO ◽

WELLINGTON FARIAS ARAUJO ◽

CARLOS ABANTO RODRIGUEZ ◽

RICARDO MANUEL BARDALES LOZANO ◽

ROBERTO TADASHI SAKAZAKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Crop Coefficient ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

Use Efficiency

INFLUÊNCIA DA COBERTURA MORTA NA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO, COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO E EFICIÊNCIA DE USO DE ÁGUA DO MILHO CULTIVADO EM CERRADO HIPÓLITO MURGA-ORRILLO1; WELLINGTON FARIAS ARAÚJO2; CARLOS ABANTO-RODRIGUEZ3; ROBERTO TADASHI SAKAZAKI4; RICARDO MANUEL BARDALES-LOZANO5 E ANA ROSA POLO-VARGAS6 1Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Auxiliar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota, (UNACH), Jr. Gregorio Malca Nº 875- Campus Colpa Matara, Chota, Perú. [email protected] Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. Associado da UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Florestal, Investigador no Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Carretera Federico Basadre, Km 12,400, Yarinacocha, Ucayali, Perú. [email protected] Agrônomo, Doutorando na UFRR/CCA, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônomo, Doutorando na UFRR/Bionorte, Boa Vista, RR. [email protected] Agrônoma, Graduada na Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, (UNC), Av. Atahualpa Nº 1050- Carretera Cajamarca-Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Perú. [email protected] 1 RESUMOA irrigação consome grande quantidade de água, sendo importante um adequado manejo da cultura para minimizar esse consumo, maximizando a produção. No intuito de obter informações para o manejo da irrigação, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) e a eficiência do uso de água (EUAg) da cultura de milho, em solo com e sem cobertura, durante os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, utilizando lisímetros de drenagem. O experimento foi conduzido no campus Cauamé da Universidade Federal de Roraima, entre 19/04/2014 e 07/08/2014, em Boa Vista, RR. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith FAO. Os resultados da ETc do milho, durante o ciclo da cultura, em solo sem e com cobertura foram de 421,5 e 351,0 mm, respectivamente. As médias diárias de ETc foram de 4,1 mm dia-1 para solo sem cobertura e 3,4 mm dia-1 para solo com cobertura. A cobertura do solo propiciou valores diferentes de Kc's para o milho, nos mesmos estádios, em comparação aos Kc’s do solo descoberto. Para o solo descoberto, os Kc’s observados para os estádios fenológicos I, II, III, e IV, foram de 0,40; 0,84; 1,59 e 0,81, respectivamente. Já para solo com cobertura, os Kc’s pelos mesmos estádios em menção foram 0,28; 0,64; 1,49 e 0,48, respectivamente. A EUAg para solo com cobertura foi 1,77 kg m-3 e para solo sem cobertura foi 1,65 kg m-3. Estes resultados mostram que a cobertura morta no solo influenciou no consumo hídrico do milho durante todo seu ciclo. Palavras-chave: Zea mays. Irrigação. Solo coberto. Consumo hídrico. MURGA-ORRILLO, H.; ARAÚJO, W. F.; ABANTO-RODRIGUEZ C.; SAKAZAKI, R. T.; BARDALES-LOZANO R. M.; POLO-VARGAS, A. R.MULCH INFLUENCE ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, CROP COEFFICIENT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CORN GROWN IN THE SAVANNAH 2 ABSTRACTIrrigation consumes large amounts of water, and minimizing consumption and maximizing the production are important to a proper crop management . In order to obtain information for irrigation management, the aim of the present study was to determine evapotranspiration (ETc), crop coefficient (Kc) and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize grown in soil with and without cover, during the various stages of development, using drainage lysimeters. The experiment was conducted in Cauamé campus of the Federal University of Roraima, from 19/04/2014 to 08/07/2014, in Boa Vista, RR. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the Penman-Monteith method. The results of the corn ETc during the crop cycle in soil with and without coverage were 421.5 and 351.0 mm, respectively. The daily average of ETc were 4.1 mm day-1 for bare soil and 3.4 mm day-1 for soil with cover. The ground cover led to different values of Kc's for corn in the same stages as compared to Kc's from the bare ground. For bare soil, the Kc's observed for the phenological stages I, II, III, and IV were 0.40; 0.84; 1.59 and 0.81, respectively. As for covered soil, the Kc's in the same stadiums mentioned were 0.28; 0.64; 1.49 and 0.48, respectively. The WUE to soil with cover was 1.77 kg m-3 and ground without cover was 1.65 kg m-3. These results show that soil mulching influenceS maize water consumption throughout its cycle. Keywords: Zea mays. Irrigation. Ground covered. Water consumption.

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A Model of Evapotranspirative Irrigation to Manage the Various Water Levels in the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Its Effect on Crop and Water Productivities

Water ◽

10.3390/w14020170 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Chusnul Arif ◽

Satyanto Krido Saptomo ◽

Budi Indra Setiawan ◽

Muh Taufik ◽

Willy Bayuardi Suwarno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Drainage System ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

Water Levels ◽

System Of Rice Intensification ◽

Irrigation Regimes ◽

Evapotranspiration Rate ◽

Rice Intensification ◽

Use Efficiency

Evapotranspirative irrigation is a simple idea in a watering field based on the actual evapotranspiration rate, by operating an automatic floating valve in the inlet without electric power to manage water levels. The current study introduces a model of evapotranspirative irrigation and its application under different water levels. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the performances of evapotranspirative irrigation under various irrigation regimes, and to (2) to observe crop and water productivities of the system of rice intensification (SRI) as affected by different types of irrigation. The experiment was performed during one rice planting season, starting from July to November 2020, with three irrigation regimes, i.e., continuous flooded (CFI), moderate flooded (MFI) and water-saving irrigation (WSI). Good performance of the system was achieved; low root mean square error (RMSE) was indicated between observed water level and the set point in all irrigation regimes. Developing a better drainage system can improve the system. Among the regimes, the WSI regime was most effective in water use. It was able to increase water productivity by up to 14.5% while maintaining the crop yield. In addition, it has the highest water-use efficiency index. The index was 34% and 52% higher than those of the MFI and CFI regimes, respectively. Accordingly, the evapotranspirative irrigation was effective in controlling various water levels, and we recommend the system implemented at the field levels.

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