scholarly journals Reforma Protestante: uma caminhada de 500 anos

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudir Burmann
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Reformation

Resumo: A Reforma Protestante impactou o Cristianismo ocidental com umadivisão, cuja repercussão tem perpassado diversos âmbitos ao longo dos últimos500 anos. Como seria o Cristianismo se a Reforma Protestante não tivesseocorrido? Evidentemente, não há como responder. Certo é que a Reforma Protestantefoi, de alguma maneira, favorecida por fatores conjunturais do séculoXVI, que ampliaram sua repercussão. Tais fatores fizeram com que o protestoinicial de Martim Lutero através de 95 teses acerca da venda de indulgênciastivesse um alcance não imaginado. A partir dali, foi-se consolidando um novomodo de compreender o agir de Deus. Ao mesmo tempo, uma nova forma decompreender o próprio ser humano se afirmou. Embora ao longo de quatroséculos tenha havido controvérsias, embates e combates mútuos, atualmentebusca-se uma nova caminhada entre as Igrejas Luteranas e a Igreja CatólicaRomana. A celebração dos 500 anos da Reforma tem-se revelado como oportunidadeúnica para a promoção da unidade cristã.Palavras-chave: Martim Lutero. 95 teses. Reforma Protestante.Abstract: The Protestant Reformation impacted Western Christianity with a division,whose repercussion has permeated various fields over the past 500 years.But how would Christianity be if the Protestant Reformation had not occurred? Ofcourse, there is no answer to this. It is true that the Protestant Reformation wassomehow favored by situational factors of the sixteenth century, that amplified itsimpact. These factors have caused the initial protest of Martin Luther through 95theses about the sale of indulgences to have had an unimaginable range. Fromthen, it has consolidated a new way of understanding the action of God. At the sametime, a new way of understanding the human being was asserted. Although duringover four centuries there have been disputes, conflicts and mutual fighting, nowone seeks for a new walk between Lutheran Churches and the Roman CatholicChurch. The celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation has beenrevealed as an unique opportunity for the promotion of Christian unity.Keywords: Martin Luther. 95 theses. Protestant Reformation.

scholarly journals Huldrych Zwingli: Reformation in Conflict

Perichoresis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brett Eccher
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Early Death ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

Abstract The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Despite his stature, Reformation historiography has sadly relegated Zwingli to a lesser status behind reformers such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and John Calvin. However, his contribution to the changing religious ethos of Reformation Europe was pivotal, yet always accompanied by controversy. In fact, this essay will argue that almost all of the Reformation gains made by Zwingli over the course of roughly twenty-five years of ministry took place through conflict. All the Protestant reformers experienced an element of conflict as a part of their work. Such was the nature of religious renewal and reform in the sixteenth century. Still, conflict not only facilitated and drove Zwingli’s Reformation, but was also a theme woven throughout his life. And in Zwingli’s case war was both figurative and literal. His battles moved well beyond those of his contemporary reformers. Beginning with his haunting experiences as a young chaplain in the Swiss army and culminating with his early death on the battlefield at Kappel, conflict shaped Zwingli’s life, ministry and theology. His was a life characterized by volatility; his Reformation was contested every step of the way. As a portrait of Zwingli emerges against the historic backdrop of war, division and strife, his lasting contributions to the convictions and practices of Protestantism, especially in Baptist and Presbyterian life, should become apparent.

The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in Renaissance Italy

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. J. McNair
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
The One

Between the execution of Gerolamo Savonarola at Florence in May 1498 and the execution of Giordano Bruno at Rome in February 1600, western Christendom was convulsed by the protestant reformation, and the subject of this paper is the effect that that revolution had on the Italy that nourished and martyred those two unique yet representative men: unique in the power and complexity of their personalities, representative because the one sums up the medieval world with all its strengths and weaknesses while the other heralds the questing and questioning modern world in which we live.

Converts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Conversions ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter examines the religious conversions in sixteenth-century England. Some historians have rightly warned us that there was more to the Reformation than a succession of individual religious conversions, noting that most people didn't undergo one. But without such conversions there could have been no Reformation, and attempting to untangle them draws us to the mysterious seed beds in which change first took root. For historians have to make sense of a paradox: that a convert's radical rejection of the old and familiar could not come out of nowhere; that it must somehow be grounded in earlier attitudes and experiences. The chapter first considers the English authorities' response to the Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther and to ‘Lutheran’ heresy before discussing William Tyndale's Worms New Testament and the public abjuration of heresy. It also analyses the deep and bitter divisions between heretics and Catholics over religion.

The Impact of the Reformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Queen Elizabeth I ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Diplomacy ◽  
Francis I

This chapter focuses on the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Following Henry VIII's break with Rome in 1531, the English Reformation led Britain into a protracted struggle with the two great Catholic powers, Spain and France, for the next 300 years. The long-term effect was to define Britain as the leading Protestant power; but more immediately, it posed a far greater threat to England than Islam, and effectively destroyed the rationale for crusading activities. In this situation, the Islamic empires actually became a valuable balancing factor in European diplomacy. Henry's readiness to deal with the Muslim powers was far from eccentric during the sixteenth century. Both King Francis I of France and Queen Elizabeth I of England took the policy of collaboration much further.

REBELLION, RESISTANCE, AND A SWISS BRUTUS?

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRIES RAATH ◽  
SHAUN DE FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Divine Justice

Early sixteenth-century Germany and Switzerland witnessed, amongst their peasants, a growing dissatisfaction with economic exploitation and the increasing power of political rulers. The Protestant Reformation at the time had a profound influence on the moulding of this dissatisfaction into a right to demand the enforcement of divine justice. The Swiss reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, provided parallels for the demands of the peasants, while the German reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, criticized the rebellious methods of the peasantry. Against this background the young Swiss reformer, Heinrich Bullinger, responded more positively towards the claims of the peasants by opposing the views of the Lutheran reformers in his play ‘Lucretia and Brutus’. In this drama, Bullinger propounds the first steps towards the development of his federal theory of politics by advancing the idea of oath-taking as the mechanism for transforming the monarchy into a Christian republic. The idea of oath-taking was destined to become a most important device in early modern politics, used to combat tyranny and to promote the idea of republicanism.

THE RECOVERY OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN THE CULTURE OF HUMANISTS AND THE COMMUNICATIVE ORIGINS OF THE REFORMATION

Traditio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 375-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE LEDO
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Rules Of The Game

Ideas and opinions about communication and intellectual exchange underwent significant changes during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The rediscovery of parrhesia by the humanists of the Quattrocento is one of the least studied of these changes, and at the same time, paradoxically, one of the most fascinating. My main argument in these pages is that the recovery of Hellenistic “freedom of speech” was a process that took place from the thirteenth century through the first decade of the sixteenth century; thus it began well before the term παρρησία was common currency among humanists. This is the most important and counterituitive aspect of the present analysis of early modern parrhesia, because it means that the concept did not develop at the expense of classical and biblical tradition so much as at the expense of late-medieval scholastic speculation about the sins of the tongue and the legitimation of anger as an intellectual emotion. To illustrate this longue durée process, I have focused on three stages: (i) the creation, transformation, and assimilation by fourteenth-century humanism of the systems of sins of the tongue, and especially the sin of contentio; (ii) the synthesis carried out by Lorenzo Valla between the scholastic tradition, the communicative presumptions of early humanism, and the classical and New Testament ideas of parrhesia; and (iii) the systematization and transformation of this synthesis in Raffaele Maffei's Commentariorum rerum urbanorum libri XXXVIII. In closing, I propose a hypothesis. The theoretical framework behind Maffei's encyclopaedic approach is not only that he was attempting to synthesize the Quattrocento's heritage through the prism of classical sources; it was also that he was crystallizing the communicative “rules of the game” that all of Christianitas implicitly accepted at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Taking the three ways of manifesting the truth considered by Maffei and fleshing them out in the figures of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Celio Calcagnini, and Martin Luther just before the emergence of the Protestant Reformation could help to explain from a communicative perspective the success and pan-European impact of the Reformation.

Jacob Tengstrom, First Archbishop of Finland

1975 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-351
Author(s):  
Toivo Harjunpaa
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Church Of Sweden ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Church

The Reformation of the sixteenth century dealt a heavy blow to the historic episcopal government of the church. Only two of the national churches which embraced the Protestant Reformation succeeded in retaining their old primatical sees and episcopal polity: the Church of England and the Church of Sweden-Finland. For centuries before the Reformation, the Finnish church had been ecclesiastically part of the province of Uppsala (an archbishopric since 1164) just as Finland itself was politically part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Thus there was no need to establish a Finnish archdiocese while union with Sweden continued. But with Napoleon's concurrence (the Tilsit pact of 1807), the Russians invaded Finland in 1808 and met with such success that all Finland was ceded by Sweden to Russia in 1809.

The English Reformation Revisited

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (18) ◽  
pp. 446-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity Heal
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

I was asked by the Society to provide an introduction to current historical thinking about the English Reformation in the first talk to the 1995 Conference. The ensuing lecture was deliberately intended to provide guidance through the minefield of controversy about the success of Reformation for those with only limited knowledge of sixteenth-century history. Debates about the Reformation have always been of obvious importance to both theologians and historians: they have usually in the past been profoundly influenced by confessional ideologies. In the last thirty years the nature of the questions asked about Reformation has undergone marked change: specifically the issue of popular religious belief and practice has assumed a centrality it never before possessed. But new questions have not brought closer agreement on the nature of religious change, and in recent years fierce debate has continued to rage on such issues as the vitality of late medieval Catholicism, the popularity of the early reformers and the motives of Henry VIII and his successors. Some, at least, of these controversies are still bound up with Protestant, Catholic and Anglican identities in the late twentieth century. Since the continuities between past and present were the theme of last year's Conference, I have touched on these identities, but have left it to others, especially Dr Rowell and Dr Rex to make these connections more explicit.

scholarly journals ESPIRITUALIDADES PLURAIS DA REFORMA

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Cláudio Oliveira Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Creation

RESUMO: A pesquisa centrou-se na análise do percurso teológico da Reforma Protestante, enfatizando a pluralidade dela, as visões politicamente distintas entre seus protagonistas como Martinho Lutero, João Calvino e Thomas Müntzer, e as práticas e espiritualidades igualmente distintas até os dias de hoje. Metodologicamente, seguimos a noção da história como interpretação e o potencial criativo dos entre-lugares culturais, valorizando os aspectos utópicos que possam ser reforçados pela avaliação histórica. Os resultados da pesquisa destacaram alguns desses aspectos como: (i) o valor teológico da dimensão ecumênica, (ii) os processos de renovação eclesial, dentro e fora do contexto protestante, (iii) a criação e o fortalecimento de vida comunitária e crítica, dentro dos parâmetros teológicos da Reforma. Eles devem ser analisados levando-se em consideração as peculiaridades do contexto brasileiro e latino-americano em geral em suas diferentes dimensões.ABSTRACT: The research focused on the analysis of the theological path of the Protestant Reformation, highlighting its plurality, the varied political views among its protagonists, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin and Thomas Müntzer, and the equally different practices and spiritualities of today. Methodologically we followed the notion of history as interpretation and the creative potential of the cultural in-between places, valuing the utopian aspects that might be reinforced by the historical evaluation. The research results highlighted some of these aspects, such as (i) the theological value of the ecumenical dimension, (ii) the processes of ecclesial renewal, inside and outside the Protestant context, and (iii) the creation and strengthening of community life, within the theological parameters of the Reformation. They are to be analyzed taking into consideration the peculiarities of Brazilian and Latin American contexts in their varied dimensions.

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