Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions and Tourist Behaviors: A Review and Conceptual Framework

Lalita A. Manrai;  ; Ajay K. Manrai;

doi:10.46631/jefas.2011.v16n31.02

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions and Tourist Behaviors: A Review and Conceptual Framework

Cuadernos de difusión ◽

10.46631/jefas.2011.v16n31.02 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (31) ◽

pp. 23-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lalita A. Manrai ◽

◽

Ajay K. Manrai ◽

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Framework ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Uncertainty Avoidance ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Travel Behaviors ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

This paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing tourist behaviors and identifies three categories of behaviors based on the applications of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the processes underlying these influences. Our findings indicate that tourist behaviors in the Before-Travel, During-Travel, and After-Travel stages differ significantly in terms of the applicability and process through which Hofstede’s cultural dimensions operate. The results of our analysis suggest three categories of behavioral patterns, namely, “Social Interaction Driven Travel Behaviors,” (SID), “Risk Tendencies Driven Travel Behaviors,” (RTD), and “Collectivity Orientation Driven Travel Behaviors,” (COD). SID relates to the evaluation of travel experiences in the after-travel stage. The dominant cultural values associated with SID are Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, and Power Distance. These three values act either independently or in pairs or all three together. RTD relates to the consumption of travel products in the during-travel stage, and COD relates to the formation of travel preferences in the before-travel stage. Individualism/Collectivism and Uncertainty Avoidance are associated with both RTD and COD. However, the underlying processes differ for these two categories of travel behaviors. In addition to their independent influences on travel behaviors, these two values associated with RTD and COD also have an interactive effect. For RTD, the Uncertainty Avoidance motive determines the Individualism/Collectivism outcome, whereas, for COD, the opposite is true: the Individualism/Collectivism determines the Uncertainty Avoidance outcome. The paper also discusses the application of a fifth cultural dimension, Confucian Dynamism (short-term versus long-term orientation), for the study of tourists’ behaviors.

A Qualitative Observations on the Azarbaijan Cultural Values in Terms of Hofstede`s Cultural Dimensions

Business and Management Research ◽

10.5430/bmr.v9n2p19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Vasif Aliyev

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Power Distance ◽

Uncertainty Avoidance ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

One of the most fundamental studies on culture in recent years is Dutch scientist Geert Hofstede’s study of the cultural dimension. This study shows what Hofstede's cultural dimensions; individualism-collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance and the countries’ compliance with those dimensions. Additionally, attempts have been made to clarify through qualitative observations which dimensions Azerbaijani culture corresponds in Hofstede criterion.

A Conceptual Framework for the Acceptance of E-Commerce Technologies among Organizations in Developing Countries

Economics and Management ◽

10.35854/1998-1627-2020-2-205-210 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 205-210

Author(s):

A. M. Meirmanova

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Unified Theory ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions ◽

Medium Enterprises

The presented study examines e-commerce technologies a new conceptual framework of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries.Aim. The study aims to identify factors for the implementation and acceptance of e-commerce among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries.Tasks. The authors utilize tools of G. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to describe the emotional attitude of an individual to the use of technology.Methods. This study examines various aspects of the method of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), which is implemented in many studies of behavioral intentions of individuals in the adoption of new technologies.Results. For the first time, a conceptual (predictive) model based on four moderating variables is proposed. The variables include such cultural dimension parameters as power distance index (PDI), individualism/collectivism (IDV), uncertainty avoidance (UAI), and long-term/short-term orientation (LTO). These moderators boost the effect of the basic constructs on the behavioral propensity for the use and application of technologies.Conclusions. Based on the considered conceptual framework, the authors propose a number of recommendations for the development of tools that would ensure the required level of employee engagement in the acceptance and use of e-commerce technologies among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. Another promising direction involves using the tools of G. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to examine the specific aspects of the acceptance and use of information technology among organizations belonging to different national business cultures.

The Cultural Factors in the MOOC Design in China from Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

Theory and Practice in Language Studies ◽

10.17507/tpls.0910.09 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 13201325

Author(s):

Xin Yang

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Course Design ◽

Power Distance ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Backgrounds ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

High Power Distance ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Features

With their massiveness and openness, Moocs have become one of the most widespread and influential online learning forms, which leads to the fact that more and more designers with different cultural backgrounds are getting involved in the course design. As a result, the Mooc design such as the styles of the organization and presentation may correspondingly be influenced by cultural values of the designers, and then become barriers for learners. In order to locate the cultural influence reflected in the Mooc design in China, the introductory videos of three courses published on Coursera, which are designed by three well-known universities in China, are sampled for analysis from the aspects of power distance, individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity within the framework of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The findings indicate that the cultural features of the high-power distance, collectivism and femininity have shown their influence on the designing of these courses.

CULTURAL AND CIVILIZATIONAL INTERACTIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS THEORY

Humanitarian studios: pedagogics, psychology, philosophy ◽

10.31548/hspedagog2021.02.022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

T. V. Danylovа ◽

◽

V.A. Budegay

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Essential Feature ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Common Information ◽

Contemporary World ◽

Cultural Renewal ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions ◽

Intercultural Interactions

An essential feature of the contemporary globalized world is the emergence and active development of a network of interactions between the representatives of the different cultural and civilizational communities that was not typical during the previous historical epochs. Under these conditions, there is a process of restructuring of every culture, every civilization system. If earlier the processes of civilizational and cultural renewal had lasted for centuries and millennia, today they have been taking place over years and decades. Nowadays, there is a conglomeration of cultural-civilizational communities that are different in history, traditions, languages, and religions. They develop, interact and mutually influence each other through cultural and civilizational dialogue. These relatively independent societies have to coexist within common information space, in which intercultural and intercivilizational communication is an important factor in regulating both internal life and relations between countries. G. Hofstede made a great contribution to the development of cultural dimensions theory. The works of G. Hofstede gave rise to an influential research tradition in the field of intercultural interactions. They are actively used by the researchers and consultants in the field of international business and communication. They continue to be a major resource in intercultural research and inspire the study of both cultural values and other aspects of culture. The article aims to highlight Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory. The author used an anthropological integrative approach, comparative analysis and interpretive research paradigm.

Digital Natives’ Behaviours and Preferences: Pre-Service Teachers Studying Accounting

IJPTE International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education ◽

10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.24088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 355 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Binti Muchsini ◽

Siswandari Siswandari

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Teaching Practice ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Digital Natives ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Survey Method ◽

Learning Methods ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Digital natives are a new cultural generation born of aggressive digital technology penetration. The rapid development of technology is influencing their learning habits and behaviours, and consequently this generation has a unique way of thinking and learning. The purpose of this research is to analyse the behaviours and preferences of digital natives through understanding their preferences in the use of technology and their cultural values, as a basic strategy for selecting learning methods. This research uses a survey method to explore the use of technology and the cultural values of digital natives on accounting courses. The cultural values referred to in this paper are Hofstede's cultural dimensions, namely power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. The research results reveal two main findings: 1) the level of use of technology for non-academic purposes tended to be high, and the preference of the students was to use smartphones rather than fixed PCs or laptops. This suggests that lecturers must actively use technology in the classroom, thus ensuring that pre-service accountancy teaching students are themselves ready to use technology in their teaching practice; 2) analysis results of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions indicate that the students prefer learning in technological environments, informal learning structures, unlimited space and time, that they expect quick feedback, prefer teamworking, and prefer active learning rather than reading and listening. These results can be used as the basis for designing quality learning methods.

Relationships of Cultural Dimensions and Lactation Patterns

10.21203/rs.2.20030/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elham Alidadi Shamsabadi ◽

Mitra Savabi-Esfahani ◽

Ali Hashemianfar

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Power Distance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Uncertainty Avoidance ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Short Term ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level

Abstract Background Proper nutrition is essential for infant growth and health. Exclusive breastfeeding is the best pattern for feeding infants in the first 6 months of life. On the other hand, lactation patterns may be influenced by cultural factors. The present study aimed to determine relationships of cultural dimensions and lactation patterns.Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 452 mothers with 6-month and younger infants. Hofstede's cultural dimensions, Power Distance, Individualism vs. collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation, and Indulgence vs. Restraint were assessed using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests (independent t-test, Eta, phi and Cramer coefficients) and SPSS 18 at a significance level of less than 0.05.Results In the masculinity-femininity dimension, the mean score of exclusive breastfeeding pattern was higher than the non-exclusive breastfeeding (3± 0.48, 2.48±0.50) and there were statistical significant differences between groups (P = 0.03). However, despite different mean scores of power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, long term- short term orientation, indulgence- restraint in different breastfeeding patterns, the differences were not statistically significant.Conclusions Masculinity-femininity as a cultural dimension was associated with lactation patterns, so that mothers with greater orientation towards masculinity had higher focus on gender roles of a woman such as breastfeeding and they had greater exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, some cultural dimensions should be taken into consideration in training and counseling for maternal breastfeeding.

Analisis Pengaruh Dimensi Budaya Terhadap Penggunaan Aplikasi Trasnportasi Online Menggunakan UTAUT2 dan Budaya Hofstede

JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA ◽

10.30865/mib.v4i2.2062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 377

Author(s):

Thofik Nugroho ◽

Wing Wahyu Winarno ◽

Kholid Haryono

Keyword(s):

Technology Use ◽

Measurement Method ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Research Model ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions ◽

Transportation Applications

It is important for online transportation application company to know the factors that influence the use of online transportation applications. Culture is an important factor in research into the acceptance of technology use. This study uses the UTAUT2 research model and Hofstede's cultural dimensions. The main objective of this research will be to investigate that culture influences users in using online transportation applications. The measurement method uses PLS SEM. It is proven that culture influences the use of online transportation applications. It is proven that by adding the cultural dimension in the UTAUT2 model, it can better explain the behavior of using online transportation applications

Ageism Linked to Culture, Not Demographics: Evidence From an 8-Billion-Word Corpus Across 20 Countries

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gbaa181 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Reuben Ng ◽

Weizhong J Lim

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Population Aging ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Old People ◽

Development Indicators ◽

Multiple Regression Models ◽

Societal Level ◽

World Development

Abstract Objectives Ageism has increased over 200 years and costs the U.S. health care system $63 billion a year. While scholars agree on the consequences of ageism, there are disagreements on whether it is related to the demographics of aging, or society’s cultural values. We test both hypotheses across 20 countries. Method To circumvent the sampling limitations of survey studies, we used an 8-billion-word corpus, identified 3 synonyms with the highest prevalence—aged, elderly, old people—and compiled the top 300 words (collocates) that were used most frequently with these synonyms for each of the 20 countries. The resulting 6,000 collocates were rated on an ageism scale by 2 raters to create an ageism score per country. Cultural dimension scores—Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term Orientation—were taken from Hofstede, and demographics—size and speed of population aging—came from the World Development Indicators. Results Of the 20 countries, UK topped the ageism table, while Sri Lanka had the lowest ageism score. Multiple regression models showed that higher levels of masculinity and long-term orientation are associated with ageism, controlling for other cultural dimensions, demographics (size and speed of aging), and economics (GDP-per-capita). Discussion Our findings blunt the deterministic nature of ageism at the societal level. Demographics is only one side of the ageism coin, and the cultural side is equally, if not more important. This study lays the groundwork to tackle societal ageism—one of our generation’s most pernicious threats.

Anti-Asian Sentiments During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across 20 Countries: Analysis of a 12-Billion-Word News Media Database (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.28305 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Reuben Ng

Keyword(s):

News Media ◽

Power Distance ◽

The United States ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Uncertainty Avoidance ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Hofstede’S Cultural Dimensions ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

BACKGROUND US president Joe Biden signed an executive action directing federal agencies to combat hate crimes and racism against Asians, which have percolated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is one of the first known empirical studies to dynamically test whether global societal sentiments toward Asians have become more negative during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether global societal sentiments toward Asians across 20 countries have become more negative, month by month, from before the pandemic (October 2019) to May 2020, along with the pandemic (incidence and mortality rates) and cultural (Hofstede’s cultural dimensions) predictors of this trend. METHODS We leveraged a 12-billion-word web-based media database, with over 30 million newspaper and magazine articles taken from over 7000 sites across 20 countries, and identified 6 synonyms of “Asian” that are related to the coronavirus. We compiled their most frequently used descriptors (collocates) from October 2019 to May 2020 across 20 countries, culminating in 85,827 collocates that were rated by 2 independent researchers to provide a Cumulative Asian Sentiment Score (CASS) per month. This allowed us to track significant shifts in societal sentiments toward Asians from a baseline period (October to December 2019) to the onset of the pandemic (January to May 2020). We tested the competing predictors of this trend: pandemic variables of incidence and mortality rates measured monthly for all 20 countries taken from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions of Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity for the 20 countries. RESULTS Before the pandemic in December 2019, Jamaica and New Zealand evidenced the most negative societal sentiments toward Asians; when news about the coronavirus was released in January 2020, the United States and Nigeria evidenced the most negative sentiments toward Asians among 20 countries. Globally, sentiments of Asians became more negative—a significant linear decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. CASS trended neutral before the pandemic during the baseline period of October to November 2019 and then plummeted in February 2020. CASS were, ironically, not predicted by COVID-19’s incidence and mortality rates, but rather by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: individualism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance—as shown by mixed models (N=28,494). Specifically, higher power distance, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance were associated with negative societal sentiments toward Asians. CONCLUSIONS Racism, in the form of Anti-Asian sentiments, are deep-seated, and predicated on structural undercurrents of culture. The COVID-19 pandemic may have indirectly and inadvertently exacerbated societal tendencies for racism. Our study lays the important groundwork to design interventions and policy communications to ameliorate Anti-Asian racism, which are culturally nuanced and contextually appropriate.

Cultural Value Dimensions and Ethnicity within Kenya

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v8n12p69 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 69 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher K. Ketter ◽

Michael C. Arfsten

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Cultural Dimensions ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

World Values Survey ◽

Post Hoc

The study compared the cultural values along the seven World Values Survey dimensions. Subjects were 811 males, age 18 to 35, proportionately representing the 11 largest ethnic groups in Kenya. The study extended research in cultural differences between ethnic identities within a country, supplemental to cultural differences between countries. Significant differences are found between the Kenyan ethnic groups on the dimensions of masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence vs. restraint, and long-term orientation. Post-hoc analyses differentiated between individual ethnic groups on the cultural dimensions. Implications for management are presented to acknowledge ethnic differences in world orientation based on cultural dimension differences of ethnicities within Kenya.