scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Cellular Prion Protein in Brain Tissues of Black Bengal Goats in Bangladesh

Author(s):  
Nasrin Sultana ◽  
Mohd Zahirul Islam Khan ◽  
Emdadul Haque Choudhury ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein mainlypresent in the central nervous system which is necessary for the establishmentand further evolution of prion disease in human and animals. The aim of thepresent study was to investigate the PrPC protein in brain tissues of black Bengalgoat. Fifteen brain tissues were collected from different slaughter houses ofthree districts (Mymensingh, Manikgonj and Netrokona) of Bangladesh duringJanuary to February, 2011. The PrPC protein was detected in the brain tissuesof black Bengal goats using polymerase chain reaction. The result showed allpositive (100%) of the amplified samples. The standardized PCR could be usedfor detection of PrPC protein in different tissues of animals and humans.Sequencing of PrP gene in the black Bengal goats for the risk assessment ofscrapie is needed for further study. To our knowledge, detection of PrPC proteinin the brain tissues of indigenous goats is the first time in Bangladesh.

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ersdal ◽  
M. J. Ulvund ◽  
S. L. Benestad ◽  
M. A. Tranulis

All sheep older than 1 year of age from a flock of the Rygja breed in which clinical scrapie was detected for the first time in two animals (4%) were examined for accumulation of pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry in the obex, the cerebellum, and the medial retrophayngeal lymph node. In addition, six lambs, 2–3 months old, all offspring of PrPSc-positive dams, were examined for PrPSc in the ileal Peyers' patch (IPP), the distal jejunal lymph node, the spleen, and the medial retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN). In this flock, 35% (17/48) of the adult sheep showed accumulation of PrPSc, an eightfold increase compared with clinical disease. All positives carried susceptible PrP genotypes. Three sheep had deposits of PrPSc in the RPLN and not in the brain, suggesting that this organ, easily accessible at slaughter, is suitable for screening purposes. Two 7-year-old clinically healthy homozygous V136Q171 ewes showed sparse immunostaining in the central nervous system and may have been infected as adults. Further, two littermates, 86-days-old, showed PrPSc in the IPP. Interestingly, one of these lambs had the intermediate susceptible PrP genotype, VA136QR171. In addition to early immunolabeling in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve, a few of the sheep had early involvement of the cerebellum. In fact, a 2-year-old sheep had sparse deposits of PrPSc in the cerebellum only. Because experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep seems to behave in a similar manner as natural scrapie, these results, particularly regarding spread of infectivity, may have implications for the handling of BSE should it be diagnosed in sheep.


2020 ◽  
pp. 030098582097049
Author(s):  
Melanie M. Hierweger ◽  
Céline L. Boujon ◽  
Ronja V. Kauer ◽  
Mireille Meylan ◽  
Torsten Seuberlich ◽  
...  

Cross-species infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) in cattle causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). MCF may involve the central nervous system (CNS) with necrotizing arteritis and/or vasculitis described to be unique to MCF and discriminatory compared to other viral CNS infections. However, a systematic histopathological characterization of the neural form of MCF in cattle is lacking. We examined medulla oblongata ( n = 9) or the entire brain ( n = 9) of 18 cattle in which OvHV-2 was identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), in order to pinpoint potential variations in neuropathology. In 2/18 animals (11%) no lesions were identified, while 16/18 cattle (89%) had brain lesions of varying severity. Presence and quantities of OvHV-2 nucleic acid were determined by in situ hybridization and qPCR, respectively, and were related to the severity of lesions. Fifteen of 18 animals (83%) showed vasculitis, which was mainly of the lymphohistiocytic type, while pathognomonic necrotizing arteritis was only rarely present. Neuroparenchymal lesions included gliosis and/or neuronal changes in 7/16 brains with lesions (44%). The number of CD3+ lymphocytes was highest in animals with simultaneous vascular and neuroparenchymal lesions and high viral genome load. In one animal, OvHV-2 was exclusively observed in CD3+ lymphocytes but not in neurons or microglia. In conclusion, the neuropathological phenotype of bovine MCF in the brain was variable. In some cases, lesions mimicked neurotropic viral encephalitis, while pathognomonic necrotizing arteritis was not a consistent feature of neural MCF. Therefore, molecular detection of OvHV-2 is warranted in the presence of nonsuppurative encephalitis and in the absence of necrotizing arteritis.


2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1435-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Halliez ◽  
Nathalie Chesnais ◽  
Giovanna Mallucci ◽  
Marthe Vilotte ◽  
Christelle Langevin ◽  
...  

In naturally acquired transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, the pathogenic agents or prions spread from the sites of initial peripheral uptake or replication to the brain where they cause progressive and fatal neurodegeneration. Routing via the peripheral nervous system is considered to be one of the main pathways to the central nervous system. Replication of prions in Schwann cells is viewed as a potentially important mechanism for efficient prion spread along nerves. Here we used a Cre-loxP mouse transgenetic approach to disrupt host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) specifically in myelinating Schwann cells. Despite the use of infection routes targeting highly myelinated nerves, there was no alteration in mouse prion pathogenesis, suggesting that conversion-dependent, centripetal spread of prions does not crucially rely on PrPC expressed by myelinating Schwann cells.


2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Charkviani ◽  
Nino Muradashvili ◽  
Nurul Sulimai ◽  
David Lominadze

For the first time we showed that fibrinogen (Fg) can associate with cellular prion protein (PrPC) on the surface of cultured mouse brain astrocytes. At high levels, Fg causes upregulation of astrocyte PrPC and astrocyte activation accompanied with overexpression of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), which results in nitric oxide (NO) production and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fg/PrPC interaction can be a triggering mechanism for TrkB-NO-ROS axis activation and the resultant astrocyte-mediated neurodegeneration.


2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Handan Cetinkaya ◽  
Damla Haktanir ◽  
Seckin Arun ◽  
Cem Vurusaner

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate Mycoplasma spp. species in blood samples of the domestic cats from the province of Istanbul, Turkey. Three hundred eighty four blood samples of client-owned cats were used for the identification of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (CMhm) and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis (CMt) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assays. Out of 384 blood samples, 74 (19.3%) were positive for one of Mycoplasma species. The total prevalence of Mhf, CMhm and CMt infections was 9.9%, 17.7% and 0.8% respectively. The most common species was CMhm. Co-infections were mostly with Mhf/CMhm and the frequency was 8.1%. Two cats were infected with three species. The current study was the first molecular prevalence study of hemotropic mycoplasmas in Istanbul, reporting the presence of CMt for the first time in Turkey. Prevalence of feline mycoplasma was notably high in Istanbul and PCR assay could be preferred rather than the microscopic examination for the diagnosis.


2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwynivere A Davies ◽  
Adam R Bryant ◽  
John D Reynolds ◽  
Frank R Jirik ◽  
Keith A Sharkey

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. These are human and animal diseases that include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. They are uniformly fatal neurological diseases, which are characterized by ataxia and vacuolation in the central nervous system. Alhough they are known to be caused by the conversion of normal cellular prion protein to its infectious conformational isoform (PrPsc) the process by which this isoform is propagated and transported to the brain remains poorly understood. M cells, dendritic cells and possibly enteroendocrine cells are important in the movement of infectious prions across the GI epithelium. From there, PrPscpropagation requires B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells of Peyer’s patches. The early accumulation of the disease-causing agent in the plexuses of the enteric nervous system supports the contention that the autonomic nervous system is important in disease transmission. This is further supported by the presence of PrPscin the ganglia of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that innervate the GI tract. Additionally, the lymphoreticular system has been implicated as the route of transmission from the gut to the brain. Although normal cellular prion protein is found in the enteric nervous system, its role has not been characterized. Further research is required to understand how the cellular components of the gut wall interact to propagate and transmit infectious prions to develop potential therapies that may prevent the progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.


2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina de Moura ◽  
Virgínia Meneghini Lazzari ◽  
Grasiela Agnes ◽  
Silvana Almeida ◽  
Márcia Giovenardi ◽  
...  

Objective A growing number of published articles report the expression of specific genes with different behavior patterns in rats. The levels of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts are usually analyzed by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and quantified after normalization with an internal control or reference gene (housekeeping gene). Nevertheless, housekeeping genes exhibit different expression in the central nervous system, depending on the physiological conditions and the area of the brain to be studied. The choice of a good internal control gene is essential for obtaining reliable results. This study evaluated the expression of three housekeeping genes (beta-actin, cyclophilin A, and ubiquitin C) in different areas of the central nervous system in rats (olfactory bulb, hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex). Methods Wistar rats (virgin females, n=6) during the diestrum period were used. Total ribonucleic acid was extracted from each region of the brain; the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid was synthesized by reverse transcription and amplified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using SYBR™ Green and primers specific for each one of the reference genes. The stability of the expression was determined using NormFinder. Results Beta-actin was the most stable gene in the hippocampus and striatum, while cyclophilin A and ubiquitin C showed greater stability in the prefrontal cortex and the olfactory bulb, respectively. Conclusion Based on our study, further studies of gene expression using rats as animal models should take into consideration these results when choosing a reliable internal control gene.


2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-499
Author(s):  
Vakhtang Merabishvili ◽  
Kalyango Kennet ◽  
M. Valkov ◽  
Andrey Dyachenko

Malignant neoplasms of the brain (BMN) in accordance with the international classification of the diseases (ICD-10) belong to the rubric C71. However, in the world and Russia it is customary to understand this term as the entire block of localizations related to the brain - rubrics C70-71. The topographic codes C70 (meninges), C71 (brain) and C72 (spinal cord, cranial nerves and other parts of the central nervous system) make up a small proportion among MN in general. In addition, all the summary data WHO-IARC and Russia as a rule aggregate the CNS tumors under the three heading ICD - 10 (ICDO-3) C70-72. With the developments in Russia of the system of Population cancer registries, it became possible to study the patterns of dynamics of incidence and to calculate the survival rate of patients with malignant necrosis in each ICD-10 section. This study presents the population-based analysis of incidence and mortality from BMN using available sources and, for the first time in Russia, the analysis of the dynamics of the survival among the patients with BMN under the rubric C71 is performed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Slađan Nešić ◽  
Stefan Jelisić ◽  
Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević ◽  
Milan Aničić ◽  
Ivana Vučićević

Abstract Scrapie is an infectious neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats that belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The disease is caused by the accumulation of proteinase-resistant isoform of the prion protein. The sheep predisposition to scrapie is associated with polymorphisms of the PrP gene. Genetic susceptibility to scrapie is mainly related to codons 136, 154, and 171. ARR sheep are strongly scrapie resistant and VRQ genotype is the most susceptible. Many countries have scrapie eradication programs based on using rams with resistant genotype. The eradication program has not yet been implemented in the Republic of Serbia. To examine the genetic makeup of sheep in Serbia related to scrapie, we optimized TaqMan probes of real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for three codons. Blood samples from 100 sheep were analyzed by qPCR and the majority of the examined sheep were AA homozygous for the 136 codon. For codon 154 the most frequent genotype was RR and for codon 171 the most frequent genotype was QQ.


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