scholarly journals Carbaryl and Human Health: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atreyee Sahana ◽  
Soumik Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Glutathione Conjugate ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups

Carbaryl (1-naphthalenylmethylcarbamate) is one of the most frequently used carbamate insecticides. Carbaryl has elicited some serious carcinogenic activity in the chronic rodent studies and has also been found to cause tumors in the liver. Though carbaryl is relatively safe to mammals, but carbaryl causes damage to hepatocytes. It has other biochemical effects, as it reacts with reduced glutathione and probably directly with other accessible protein hydroxyl and sulphydryl groups or indirectly through reactions involving the glutathione conjugate. In mammals, carbaryl inhibits acetylcholinesterase causing several neural problems. Some recent reports suggest it can bind human melatonin receptors exerting serious implications on human health. Here in this review an attempt has been made to summarise carbaryl’s mode of action and its ill effects on human health.

Cardiac-inhibiting properties of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenin, in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Picman ◽  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
G. H. N. Towers
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactone ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups

The cardiac-inhibiting properties of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenin, were examined on semiisolated heart preparations of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Compared with saline-treated hearts, 0.3 mM parthenin significantly increased the frequency of heartbeat. However, higher concentrations of parthenin (3.4–51.3 mM) were progressively more inhibitory and caused a cessation in heartbeat within 1 h after application.Parthenin-arrested hearts treated with reduced glutathione, DL-cystathionine, acetylcholine, or L-glutamic acid remained inactive. In contrast, L-cysteine, DL-homocysteine, or dithiothreitol (DTT) reinitiated heartbeat in parthenin-arrested hearts. When the isolated monoadduct of parthenin and cysteine was applied to heart preparations, no inhibitory effects were apparent. The inhibitory effects of parthenin could also be delayed or prevented by mixing the compound with equimolar concentrations of cysteine, homocysteine, or DTT prior to its application to the heart. Because certain thiol agents negate or neutralize the cardiac-inhibiting properties of parthenin, the findings suggest that the lethal effects of sesquiterpene lactones on insects are due, in part, to an interference with free sulphydryl groups which appear essential to normal cardiac activity.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the mode of action, detoxification, and importance of parthenin in plant defense.

Effects of 5-5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) and Thyroxine on the Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition of Rat Liver

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
E. A. Elfont ◽  
R. B. Tobin ◽  
D. G. Colton ◽  
M. A. Mehlman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Effective Inhibitor ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary5,-5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) is an effective inhibitor of thyroxine (T4) stimulation of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver mitochondria. Because this finding indicated a possible tool for future study of the mode of action of thyroxine, the ultrastructural and biochemical effects of DPTH and/or thyroxine on rat liver mere investigated.Rats were fed either standard or DPTH (0.06%) diet for 30 days before T4 (250 ug/kg/day) was injected. Injection of T4 occurred daily for 10 days prior to sacrifice. After removal of the liver and kidneys, part of the tissue was frozen at -50°C for later biocheailcal analyses, while the rest was prefixed in buffered 3.5X glutaraldehyde (390 mOs) and post-fixed in buffered 1Z OsO4 (376 mOs). Tissues were embedded in Araldlte 502 and the sections examined in a Zeiss EM 9S.Hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats (Fig. 2) demonstrated enlarged and more numerous mitochondria than those of controls (Fig. 1). Glycogen was almost totally absent from the cytoplasm of the T4-treated rats.

Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Health and�General�Wellbeing

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
E.O. Irokanulo ◽  
M.A. Akalegbere
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
General Wellbeing

Gastrointestinal health is a precursor to general wellbeing in humans. Maintaining good normal gut flora for the health benefits they provide is important. Unfortunately, however, the good gut flora is sometimes dislodged during feeding and treatment with certain drugs. Foods that lead to such gut flora displacement may contain other microorganisms whose actions create unfavourable environmental conditions for resident flora. The principle of removing unwanted harmful gut flora; introducing good microorganisms through ingestion of live microorganisms, known as probiotics or foods that contain specific live microbes of interest is now practiced. Consumption of foods containing probiotics has long been practiced world-wide especially in rural settings and in low-income economies even though such consumptions may be unintended. Presently, careful isolation, characterization and testing of candidate probiotic organisms, has become the norm. This re-emerging phenomenon and the great impact it has on human health is considered here looking at probiotic sources; including foods, the role they play in gastrointestinal health, their mode of action and the disease types where they are beneficial to man including their safety and how their introduction in the �medical menu� in low-income nations can help in combating the rather very �regular� gastrointestinal infections in these countries.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals and Human Health: Possible Exposure Pathways and the Competition for Protein Binding Sites

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 6060
Author(s):  
Danuta Witkowska ◽  
Joanna Słowik ◽  
Karolina Chilicka
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Protein Binding Sites ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Heavy metals enter the human body through the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or via inhalation. Toxic metals have proven to be a major threat to human health, mostly because of their ability to cause membrane and DNA damage, and to perturb protein function and enzyme activity. These metals disturb native proteins’ functions by binding to free thiols or other functional groups, catalyzing the oxidation of amino acid side chains, perturbing protein folding, and/or displacing essential metal ions in enzymes. The review shows the physiological and biochemical effects of selected toxic metals interactions with proteins and enzymes. As environmental contamination by heavy metals is one of the most significant global problems, some detoxification strategies are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Actions of Carbamate Insecticides at Mammalian Melatonin Receptors

2020 ◽  
pp. JPET-AR-2020-000065
Author(s):  
Grant C Glatfelter ◽  
Anthony J Jones ◽  
Rajendram V Rajnarayanan ◽  
Margarita L Dubocovich
Keyword(s):  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides

Mode of action and lack of human health relevance of increased hepatocellular adenoma in male CD1 mice treated with cyproconazole

2014 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. S147-S148
Author(s):  
David Cowie ◽  
Richard Green ◽  
Richard Currie ◽  
Emma Barnes ◽  
Richard Peffer
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Hepatocellular Adenoma ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Health Relevance

scholarly journals Cross-resistance of the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata to fungicides with different modes of action

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Na Yang ◽  
Meng-Han He ◽  
Hai-Bing Ouyang ◽  
Wen Zhu ◽  
Zhe-Chao Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Antimicrobial Compound ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Sole Criterion

Abstract Background: Cross-resistance, a phenomenon that a pathogen resists to one antimicrobial compound also resists to one or several other compounds, is one of major threats to human health and sustainable food production. It usually occurs among antimicrobial compounds sharing the mode of action. In this study, we determined the sensitivity profiles of Alternaria alternata , a fungal pathogen which can cause diseases in many crops to two fungicides (mancozeb and difenoconazole) with different mode of action using a large number of isolates (234) collected from seven potato fields across China. Results: We found that pathogens could also develop cross resistance to fungicides with different modes of action as indicated by a strong positive correlation between mancozeb and difenoconazole tolerances to A. alternata . We also found a positive association between mancozeb tolerance and aggressiveness of A. alternata , suggesting no fitness penalty of developing mancozeb resistance in the pathogen and hypothesize that mechanisms such as antimicrobial compound efflux and detoxification that limit intercellular accumulation of natural/synthetic chemicals in pathogens might account for the cross-resistance and the positive association between pathogen aggressiveness and mancozeb tolerance. Conclusions: The detection of cross-resistance among different classes of fungicides suggests that the mode of action alone may not be an adequate sole criterion to determine what components to use in the mixture and/or rotation of fungicides in agricultural and medical sects. Similarly, the observation of a positive association between the pathogen’s aggressiveness and tolerance to mancozeb suggests that intensive application of site non-specific fungicides might simultaneously lead to reduced fungicide resistance and enhanced ability to cause diseases in pathogen populations, thereby posing a greater threat to agricultural production and human health. In this case, the use of evolutionary principles in closely monitoring populations and the use of appropriate fungicide applications are important for effective use of the fungicides and durable infectious disease management.

scholarly journals Contamination and oxidative stress biomarkers in estuarine fish following a mine tailing disaster

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Â. Gabriel ◽  
Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis ◽  
Lorena Soares ◽  
Ana Carolina A. Mazzuco ◽  
Rafael Christian Chavez Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Muscle Tissues

Background The Rio Doce estuary, in Brazil, was impacted by the deposition of iron mine tailings, caused by the collapse of a dam in 2015. Based on published baseline datasets, the estuary has been experiencing chronic trace metal contamination effects since 2017, with potential bioaccumulation in fishes and human health risks. As metal and metalloid concentrations in aquatic ecosystems pose severe threats to the aquatic biota, we hypothesized that the trace metals in estuarine sediments nearly two years after the disaster would lead to bioaccumulation in demersal fishes and result in the biosynthesis of metal-responsive proteins. Methods We measured As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn concentrations in sediment samples in August 2017 and compared to published baseline levels. Also, trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn) and protein (metallothionein and reduced glutathione) concentrations were quantified in the liver and muscle tissues of five fish species (Cathorops spixii, Genidens genidens, Eugerres brasilianus, Diapterus rhombeus and Mugil sp.) from the estuary, commonly used as food sources by local populations. Results Our results revealed high trace metal concentrations in estuarine sediments, when compared to published baseline values for the same estuary. The demersal fish species C. spixii and G. genidens had the highest concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, Hg, and Se in both, hepatic and muscle, tissues. Trace metal bioaccumulation in fish was correlated with the biosynthesis of metallothionein and reduced glutathione in both, liver and muscle, tissues, suggesting active physiological responses to contamination sources. The trace metal concentrations determined in fish tissues were also present in the estuarine sediments at the time of this study. Some elements had concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in fish muscles (e.g., As, Cr, Mn, Se and Zn), suggesting potential human health risks that require further studies. Our study supports the high biogeochemical mobility of toxic elements between sediments and the bottom-dwelling biota in estuarine ecosystems.

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