scholarly journals Cost Optimization of Cantilever Retaining Wall Using Flower Pollination Algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 915-930
Author(s):  
Arpit Mevada ◽  
Vishal Patel ◽  
Dr. Vishal Arekar
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Flower Pollination Algorithm ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Flower Pollination ◽  
The Cost

The flower pollination algorithm is nature-inspired in which it mimics the pollination process of the flowers. In this study, the cost of the cantilever retaining wall is optimized, which includes the cost of concrete and the cost of reinforcement steel. The eight design variables define the geometry of the RC wall. The external stability and structural stability are considered as constraints. Overturning, sliding, eccentricity, and bearing are considered external constraints. The structural stability constraints are shear and moment failure of toe slab, heel slab, and stem. The fitness function is developed using a static exterior penalty. The study found that the FPA outperforms the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) in this design problem without violating any constraints. An analysis of sensitivity is carried out for the angle of internal friction of backfill soil and the angle of backfill slope. Results show that the total cost rapidly increases after 5 m height of backfill but significantly decreases with the internal friction angle of backfill increases. For backfill heights from 6 to 10 m, the change in cost is significant after the value of the inclination angle of 15°.

scholarly journals Modified Flower Pollination based Task Scheduling in Cloud Environment using Virtual Machine Migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1856-1860
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Virtual Machine ◽  
Resource Selection ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Past History ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Flower Pollination Algorithm ◽  
Flower Pollination ◽  
Selection Of

Cloud computing allows users to use resources pay per use model by the help of internet. Users are able to do computation dynamically from different location by using internet resources. The major challenging task in cloud computing is efficient selection of resources for the tasks submitted by users. A number of heuristics and meta-heuristics algorithms are designed by different researchers. The most critical phase is the selection of appropriate resource and its management. The selection of resource include to identify list of authenticated available resources in the cloud for job submission and to choose the best resource. The best resource selection is done by the analysis of several factors like expected time to execute a task by user, access restriction to resources, and expected cost to use resources. In this paper, cloud architecture for resource selection is proposed which combines these factors and make the effective resource selection. In this paper a modified flower pollination algorithm is proposed to migrate the task on efficient virtual machine. The selection of the efficient virtual machine is calculated by the fitness function. By calculating the fitness function, the modified FPA algorithm is used to take the decision regarding VM migration is required to improve the resource efficiency or not. In this paper Virtual machine mapper maps the task as per knowledge base i.e. past history of the virtual machine, task type whether computational or communicational based. The results are compared with the existing meta-heuristic algorithms.

Formulation of Seismic Passive Resistance of Retaining Wall Backfilled with c-F Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Wall Friction ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Variation Of Parameters ◽  
Wide Range

Knowledge of passive resistance is extremely important and it is the basic data required for the design of geotechnical structures like the retaining wall moving towards the backfill, the foundations, the anchors etc. An attempt is made to develop a formulation for the evolution of seismic passive resistance of a retaining wall supporting c-F backfill using pseudo-static method. Considering a planar rupture surface, the formulation is developed in such a way so that a single critical wedge surface is generated. The variation of seismic passive earth pressure coefficient are studied for wide range of variation of parameters like angle of internal friction, angle of wall friction, cohesion, adhesion, surcharge, unit weight of the backfill material, height and seismic coefficients.

scholarly journals The Influence of Compaction and Water Conditions on Shear Strength and Friction Resistance between Geotextiles and Ash-Slag Mixture

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1086
Author(s):  
Andrzej Gruchot ◽  
Tymoteusz Zydroń ◽  
Agata Michalska
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Interaction Coefficient ◽  
Interfacial Friction ◽  
Shear Strength Parameters ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Friction Resistance

The paper presents the results of tests of the shear strength of the ash–slag mixture taken from the landfill located in Kraków (Poland) and the interfacial friction resistance at the contact between the ash–slag mixture and woven or nonwoven geotextiles. The tests were carried out in a direct shear apparatus on samples with and without water saturation. The samples for testing were formed in the apparatus box at the optimum moisture by compacting them to IS = 0.90 and 1.00. The test results reveal that the shear strength parameters of the ash-slag mixture were large. It was stated the significant influence of the compaction, the growth of which has resulted in an increase in the angle of internal friction (from 7% to 9%) and cohesion (from 60% to 97%). Whereas the saturation of the samples reduced the shear strength parameters (from 4% to 6%, of the internal friction angle and 30% to 43% of cohesion). The values of the interfacial friction resistance at the contact between the ash–slag mixture and the geotextiles were large as well, but slightly smaller than the values of the shear strength parameters of the mixture itself. The compaction caused an increase in the angle of interfacial friction (from 1% to 5%) and adhesion (from 31% to 127%). The water-saturation of the samples caused a change in the angle of interfacial friction (from −6% to 3%) and decline in the adhesion (from 22% to 69%). Values of the interaction coefficient were about 0.8–1.0 and they tended to rise with increasing the normal stress. Higher values of this parameter were obtained in tests with water saturation and for non-woven geotextiles.

Characterisation of Titanium Powder Flow, Shear and Bulk Properties Using the FT4 Powder Rheometer

2014 ◽  
Vol 1019 ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silethelwe Chikosha ◽  
Linda M. Mahlatji ◽  
Hilda K. Chikwanda
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Wall Friction ◽  
Flow Shear ◽  
Coarse Powder ◽  
Bulk Properties ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Powder Rheometer

In order to reliably design and operate different powder processes, an understanding of the dynamic flow, shear and bulk properties of powders is required. Generally, powders are evaluated by several techniques that determine their flow, shear and bulk properties. The techniques can include compression tests, shear tests, angle of repose, flow of powder in a funnel, tapped density and many others. In order to minimize the number of instruments required to characterise the powder and eliminate operator error, automated powder rheometers that can do most of the required tests have been developed. The FT4 powder rheometer is one of these and has found widespread use in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the FT4 powder rheometer was used to characterise two metallic titanium powders with different particle sizes, namely CSIR Ti-45μm (Fine Powder) and CSIR Ti +45-180μm (Coarse Powder). Their particle size, particle size distribution, bulk densities, compressibility, cohesion, flowability index, effective angle of internal friction and wall friction angle were determined. Preliminary results of the study indicated that fine powder had a lower bulk density, was more compressible and more cohesive than the coarse powder. The fine powder had a lower flowability index compared to the coarse powder for both the Jenike and Peschl classification. The varying degrees of cohesion of these powders were confirmed by the cohesion values that were higher for the fine powder. The fine powder had a lower angle of internal friction but higher wall friction angle compared to the coarse powder.

scholarly journals Direct Shear Strength on the São Francisco River Bank, Northeastern Brazil, With or Without Roots of Different Native Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Igor Pinheiro da Rocha ◽  
Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda ◽  
Mario Monteiro Rolim ◽  
Alceu Pedrotti ◽  
Marks Melo Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Internal Friction Angle ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Direct Shear ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction

Several plant species have been studied as reinforcement elements against landslides at slopes, either to protect against the splash effect offered by shoots or anchoring the soil by the root system. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of roots from shrub species over the soil mechanical attributes such as cohesion and angle of internal friction at the São Francisco riverbank, northeastern Brazil. A trench was excavated under the treetop of every shrubby individual, sampling blocks at 0-0.25, 0.25-0.50, 0.50-0.75, and 0.75-1.00 m depths. The moisture contents, particle size, liquidity limits, plasticity and actual specific mass of the samples were determined. The soil physical and mechanical attributes such as initial and final specific weight, initial and final void content, initial and final degree of saturation, shear resistance peaks, cohesion, and internal friction angle were identified through direct, elementary, consolidated, and undrained tests. In the samples with Solanum paniculatum, Mimosa pigra species, the highest values for cohesion were registered for the samples with roots. Sesbania virgata presented the greatest variation in cohesion and internal friction angle among samples with and without roots. The position and root status influenced the results of the direct shear tests.

FEATURES OF PRESSURE FORMATION ON MASSIVE RETAINING WALLS IN CONDITIONS OF WEAKLY CONNECTED ROCKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
D.A. VOLKOV ◽  
◽  
V.I. SARYCHEV ◽  
V.P. SAFRONOV ◽  
M.V. KHMELEVSKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Blade Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Angle Of Friction

A scheme and method for constructing a collapse prism for loosely connected rocks of internal dumps in their interaction with massive retaining walls are proposed. The dependences of the change in the cross-sectional area of the collapse prism on the slope angle of the blade surface, the angle of laying the retaining wall, the angle of internal friction of the blade rocks and the angle of friction of rocks against the retaining wall are obtained. The dependence of the pressure change on the retaining wall on the adhesion of the dump rocks is established.

scholarly journals Changes in the Strength Characteristics of Glinistx Soils under the Influence of Dynamic Forces

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Indicators

In order to study in depth the impact of vibration on the strength characteristics of clay soils, as well as to develop methods that increase the strength characteristics and contribute to the elimination of seismic shrinkage deformations of clay soils, we conducted research in the field. In field experimental studies, the svaw-12 trailed, smooth vibration roller, manufactured in Germany, was used. We paid special attention to the further behavior of the soil after the vibration and made observations and measurements of soil indicators for two months. The experiments in the field with vibration column showed an increase of soil deformation with increasing duration of the fluctuations, i.e. there is a linear relationship between the increases in soil density on the duration of oscillations. In the process of vibration, there is a sharp decrease in the force of adhesion and the angle of internal friction, which is apparently associated with a violation of the structure of the soil and its compaction. And then at the end of the vibration process, over time, there is an increase in the adhesion (1.5-2 times) and the internal friction angle (1.2 times) of the soil, obviously as a result of the soil acquiring new strength and compaction under the influence of its own weight. This circumstance is also associated with the humidity state of the soil.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE REPOSE ANGLE AND POROSITY OF GRANULAR PLANT MATERIALS ON THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND COHESION

Tribologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur WÓJCIK ◽  
Jarosław FRĄCZEK
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Internal Friction Angle ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Impact

Internal friction in granular plant materials is a very complex phenomenon. This is due to a vast number of factors that determine the behaviour of these materials. This article looks at exploring the impact of porosity, the repose angle, and moisture on the value of the internal friction angle and cohesion. Statistical analysis showed that the influence of the examined factors on the parameters of friction is statistically significant. Nonlinear estimation was performed, which allowed developing functions describing the mentioned relationship, for which the goodness-of-fit (depending on the material type) ranged from 0.813 to 0.915 for the internal friction angle and from 0.748 to 0.963 in the case of cohesion. It has been found that internal friction and cohesion need further research that will take into account additional factors defining the examined material in a more accurate manner.

Test Study on Strength Characteristics of Unsaturated Silt

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 446-451
Author(s):  
Yu Lin Qian ◽  
Fei Yan Wang ◽  
Xiao Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Effective Angle ◽  
Matrix Suction

A series of consolidation and drainage unsaturated triaxial tests on remolded samples were carried out at controlled matrix suction and confining pressure through automatic GDS triaxial apparatus. According to the shear strength of unsaturated silt, the results show the matrix suction has a little influence on effective angle of internal friction, while has great influence on failure modes and cohesion. With the increasing of matrix suction, stress-strain curves translate from hardening type to softening type, the effective angle of internal friction changes a little and is approximately equal to the effective angle of internal friction of saturated soil, cohesion is significantly improved. Matrix suction friction angle is not a constant, when the matrix suction is less than 100kPa, it decreases with matrix suction increasing, the rate of decrease reduces gradually; when matrix suction is greater than 100kPa, it tends to be a fixed value. The results are consistent to modified strength theory proposed by Fredlund.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document