scholarly journals Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumrita Bhat ◽  
Ashok Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Orthopedic Implants ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Porous Network ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Conventional Methods

ABSTRACT Limitations with the conventional methods have bought biomaterials to the forefront for the repair and restoration of tissue functions. Recent advances in the area of biomaterials have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. According to the nature of polymers they are divided into different classes and each one has found applicability in the area of regenerative medicine. Each class of biomaterials has a set of properties which makes them appropriate for a specific application. The most important property is the behavior of biomaterials when implanted in vivo. It should not elicit any immune rejection reactions neither should its byproducts be toxic to animal tissue. Any type of the biomaterial can be fabricated into a three-dimensional scaffold which can be used as housing for the initial growth and proliferation of the specific cell type. In addition to the conventional methods of scaffold fabrication few contemporary methods include ‘hydrogels’ and ‘cryogels’. These matrices possess interconnected porous network which facilitates the cell migration and proliferation. These gel matrices can be fabricated from both natural and synthetic polymers and have shown applicability in different areas of tissue engineering. Biomaterials have shown applicability as cardiovascular implants, orthopedic implants, dental implants, etc. Furthermore, recent advances in the regenerative medicine have shown that in addition to the use of autologous and allogenic sources, stem cells can prove to be a very good alternative. Stem cells interaction with biomaterials has shown applicability in the regenerative medicine and thus can have an immense potential in future. How to cite this article Bhat S, Kumar A. Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):81-89.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. B. Fitzsimmons ◽  
Matthew S. Mazurek ◽  
Agnes Soos ◽  
Craig A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

As a result of over five decades of investigation, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a versatile and frequently utilized cell source in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this review, we summarize the history of MSC research from the initial discovery of their multipotency to the more recent recognition of their perivascular identity in vivo and their extraordinary capacity for immunomodulation and angiogenic signaling. As well, we discuss long-standing questions regarding their developmental origins and their capacity for differentiation toward a range of cell lineages. We also highlight important considerations and potential risks involved with their isolation, ex vivo expansion, and clinical use. Overall, this review aims to serve as an overview of the breadth of research that has demonstrated the utility of MSCs in a wide range of clinical contexts and continues to unravel the mechanisms by which these cells exert their therapeutic effects.

scholarly journals A State-of-the-Art of Functional Scaffolds for 3D Nervous Tissue Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Tupone ◽  
Michele d’Angelo ◽  
Vanessa Castelli ◽  
Mariano Catanesi ◽  
Elisabetta Benedetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Specific Cell

Exploring and developing multifunctional intelligent biomaterials is crucial to improve next-generation therapies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent findings show how distinct characteristics of in situ microenvironment can be mimicked by using different biomaterials. In vivo tissue architecture is characterized by the interconnection between cells and specific components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Last evidence shows the importance of the structure and composition of the ECM in the development of cellular and molecular techniques, to achieve the best biodegradable and bioactive biomaterial compatible to human physiology. Such biomaterials provide specialized bioactive signals to regulate the surrounding biological habitat, through the progression of wound healing and biomaterial integration. The connection between stem cells and biomaterials stimulate the occurrence of specific modifications in terms of cell properties and fate, influencing then processes such as self-renewal, cell adhesion and differentiation. Recent studies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have shown to deal with a broad area of applications, offering the most efficient and suitable strategies to neural repair and regeneration, drawing attention towards the potential use of biomaterials as 3D tools for in vitro neurodevelopment of tissue models, both in physiological and pathological conditions. In this direction, there are several tools supporting cell regeneration, which associate cytokines and other soluble factors delivery through the scaffold, and different approaches considering the features of the biomaterials, for an increased functionalization of the scaffold and for a better promotion of neural proliferation and cells-ECM interplay. In fact, 3D scaffolds need to ensure a progressive and regular delivery of cytokines, growth factors, or biomolecules, and moreover they should serve as a guide and support for injured tissues. It is also possible to create scaffolds with different layers, each one possessing different physical and biochemical aspects, able to provide at the same time organization, support and maintenance of the specific cell phenotype and diversified ECM morphogenesis. Our review summarizes the most recent advancements in functional materials, which are crucial to achieve the best performance and at the same time, to overcome the current limitations in tissue engineering and nervous tissue regeneration.

Graphene Oxide: A Promising Material for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Masomeh Maleki ◽  
Reza Zarezadeh ◽  
Mohammad Nouri ◽  
Aydin Raei Sadigh ◽  
Farhad Pouremamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

AbstractRegenerative medicine and tissue engineering have been considered pioneer fields in the life sciences, with an ultimate goal of restoring or switching lost or impaired body parts. Graphene oxide (GO) is the product of graphene oxidation and presents a great opportunity to make substantial progress in the field of regenerative medicine; for example, it supports the possibility of creating a cellular niche for stem cells on a nanoparticle surface. GO creates a fascinating structure for regulating stem cell behavior, as it can potentially applied to the noninvasive chase of stem cells in vivo, the liberation of active biological factors from stem cell-containing delivery systems, and the intracellular delivery of factors such as growth factors, DNA, or synthetic proteins in order to modulate stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Due to the interesting physicochemical properties of GO and its possible usage in tissue engineering approaches, the present review aims to elaborate on the ways in which GO can improve current regenerative strategies. In this respect, the applicability of GO to the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs, including cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nervous, bone, cartilage, adipose, and skin tissues, is discussed.

scholarly journals Electrospun Nanofibers for Improved Angiogenesis: Promises for Tissue Engineering Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simin Nazarnezhad ◽  
Francesco Baino ◽  
Hae-Won Kim ◽  
Thomas J. Webster ◽  
Saeid Kargozar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibers ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Angiogenesis (or the development of new blood vessels) is a key event in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; thus, a number of biomaterials have been developed and combined with stem cells and/or bioactive molecules to produce three-dimensional (3D) pro-angiogenic constructs. Among the various biomaterials, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds offer great opportunities for pro-angiogenic approaches in tissue repair and regeneration. Nanofibers made of natural and synthetic polymers are often used to incorporate bioactive components (e.g., bioactive glasses (BGs)) and load biomolecules (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) that exert pro-angiogenic activity. Furthermore, seeding of specific types of stem cells (e.g., endothelial progenitor cells) onto nanofibrous scaffolds is considered as a valuable alternative for inducing angiogenesis. The effectiveness of these strategies has been extensively examined both in vitro and in vivo and the outcomes have shown promise in the reconstruction of hard and soft tissues (mainly bone and skin, respectively). However, the translational of electrospun scaffolds with pro-angiogenic molecules or cells is only at its beginning, requiring more research to prove their usefulness in the repair and regeneration of other highly-vascularized vital tissues and organs. This review will cover the latest progress in designing and developing pro-angiogenic electrospun nanofibers and evaluate their usefulness in a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine setting.

scholarly journals Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Dai ◽  
Zongjie Wang ◽  
Roya Samanipour ◽  
Kyo-in Koo ◽  
Keekyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Stem Cell Source ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Source

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a mesenchymal stem cell source with properties of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation. Compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), ASCs can be derived from more sources and are harvested more easily. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering scaffolds are better able to mimic thein vivocellular microenvironment, which benefits the localization, attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of ASCs. Therefore, tissue-engineered ASCs are recognized as an attractive substitute for tissue and organ transplantation. In this paper, we review the characteristics of ASCs, as well as the biomaterials and tissue engineering methods used to proliferate and differentiate ASCs in a 3D environment. Clinical applications of tissue-engineered ASCs are also discussed to reveal the potential and feasibility of using tissue-engineered ASCs in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals A novel gelatin/chitooligosaccharide/demineralized bone matrix composite scaffold and periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thakoon Thitiset ◽  
Siriporn Damrongsakkul ◽  
Supansa Yodmuang ◽  
Wilairat Leeanansaksiri ◽  
Jirun Apinun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Alp Activity

Abstract Background A novel biodegradable scaffold including gelatin (G), chitooligosaccharide (COS), and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) could play a significant part in bone tissue engineering. The present study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of composite scaffolds in combination of G, COS, and DBM for in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal bioassays. Methods Three-dimensional scaffolds from the mixture of G, COS, and DBM were fabricated into 3 groups, namely, G, GC, and GCD using a lyophilization technique. The scaffolds were cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for 4 weeks to determine biological responses such as cell attachment and cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, cell morphology, and cell surface elemental composition. For the in vivo bioassay, G, GC, and GCD, acellular scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in 8-week-old male Wistar rats for 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The explants were assessed for new bone formation using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and von Kossa staining. Results The MSCs could attach and proliferate on all three groups of scaffolds. Interestingly, the ALP activity of MSCs reached the greatest value on day 7 after cultured on the scaffolds, whereas the calcium assay displayed the highest level of calcium in MSCs on day 28. Furthermore, weight percentages of calcium and phosphorus on the surface of MSCs after cultivation on the GCD scaffolds increased when compared to those on other scaffolds. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that MSCs attached and proliferated on the scaffold surface thoroughly over the cultivation time. Mineral crystal aggregation was evident in GC and greatly in GCD scaffolds. H&E staining illustrated that G, GC, and GCD scaffolds displayed osteoid after 4 weeks of implantation and von Kossa staining confirmed the mineralization at 8 weeks in G, GC, and GCD scaffolds. Conclusion The MSCs cultured in GCD scaffolds revealed greater osteogenic differentiation than those cultured in G and GC scaffolds. Additionally, the G, GC, and GCD scaffolds could promote in vivo ectopic bone formation in rat model. The GCD scaffolds exhibited maximum osteoinductive capability compared with others and may be potentially used for bone regeneration.

Regenerative Medicine: Applications and Development in Urology

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
F. Pinto ◽  
A. Calarco ◽  
A. Brescia ◽  
E. Sacco ◽  
A. D'addessi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Engineering Applications

Purpose Congenital abnormalities and acquired disorders can lead to organ damage and loss. Nowadays, transplantation represents the only effective treatment option. However, there is a marked decrease in the number of organ donors, which is even yearly worsening due to the population aging. The regenerative medicine represents a realistic option that allows to restore and maintain the normal functions of tissues and organs. This article reviews the principles of regenerative medicine and the recent advances with regard to its application to the genitourinary tract. Recent findings The field of regenerative medicine involves different areas of technology, such as tissue engineering, stem cells and cloning. Tissue engineering involves the field of cell transplantation, materials science and engineering in order to create functional replacement tissues. Stem cells and cloning permit the extraction of pluripotent, embryonic stem cells offering a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. Most current strategies for tissue engineering depend upon a sample of autologous cells from the patient's diseased organ. Biopsies from patients with extensive end-stage organ failure, however, may not yield enough normal cells. In these situations, stem cells are envisaged as being an alternative source. Stem cells can be derived from discarded human embryos (human embryonic stem cells), from fetal tissue or from adult sources (bone marrow, fat, skin). Therapeutic cloning offers a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering scientists have increasingly applied the principles of cell transplantation, materials science and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in urological diseased and injured tissues such as kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra and penis. Conclusions Regenerative medicine offers several applications in acquired and congenital genitourinary diseases. Tissue engineering, stem cells and, mostly, cloning have been applied in experimental studies with excellent results. Few preliminary human applications have been developed with promising results.

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