Mast Cell-driven Skin Responses beyond Type I Allergic Reactions

2010 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Frank Siebenhaar ◽  
Martin Metz ◽  
Marcus Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Skin Responses

scholarly journals Allergic Reactions to Current Available COVID-19 Vaccinations: Pathophysiology, Causality, and Therapeutic Considerations

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. Kounis ◽  
Ioanna Koniari ◽  
Cesare de Gregorio ◽  
Dimitris Velissaris ◽  
Konstantinos Petalas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Absorption Increase ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Mast Cell Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Considerations

Vaccines constitute the most effective medications in public health as they control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases and reduce mortality. Similar to other medications, allergic reactions can occur during vaccination.While most reactions are neither frequent nor serious, anaphylactic reactions are potentially life-threatening allergic reactionsthat are encountered rarely, but can cause serious complications.The allergic responses caused by vaccines can stem fromactivation of mast cells via Fcε receptor-1 type I reaction, mediated by the interaction between immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against a particular vaccine, and occur within minutes or up to four hours. The type IV allergic reactions initiate 48 h after vaccination and demonstrate their peak between 72 and 96 h. Non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation via activation of the complement system and via activation of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 can also induce allergic reactions. Reactions are more often caused by inert substances, called excipients, which are added to vaccines to improve stability and absorption, increase solubility, influence palatability, or create a distinctive appearance, and not by the active vaccine itself. Polyethylene glycol, also known as macrogol, in the currently available Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and polysorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, in AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines, are excipients mostly incriminated for allergic reactions. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge of immediate and delayed allergic reactions in the currently available vaccines against COVID-19, together with the general and specific therapeutic considerations. These considerations include:The incidence of allergic reactions and deaths under investigation with the available vaccines, application of vaccination in patients with mast cell disease, patients who developed an allergy during the first dose, vasovagal symptoms masquerading as allergic reactions, the COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, deaths associated with COVID-19 vaccination, and questions arising in managing of this current ordeal.Careful vaccine-safety surveillance over time, in conjunction with the elucidation of mechanisms of adverse events across different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, will contribute to the development of a safe vaccine strategy.Allergists’ expertise in proper diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions is vital for thescreening of high-risk individuals.

Peculiarities of the course of type I allergic reactions in patients with blood diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Blood Diseases ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Modern Methods

Analysis of literature data presented in search engines — Elibrary, PubMed, Cochrane — concerning the risk of developing type I allergic reactions in patients with blood diseases is presented. It is shown that the most common cause of type I allergic reactions is drugs included in the treatment regimens of this category of patients. The article presents statistics on the increase in the number of drug allergies leading to cases of anaphylactic shock in patients with blood diseases. Modern methods for the diagnosis of type I allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro are considered.

scholarly journals Two Sides of the Coin: Mast Cells as a Key Regulator of Allergy and Acute/Chronic Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Zhang ◽  
Yosuke Kurashima
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Two Sides

It is well known that mast cells (MCs) initiate type I allergic reactions and inflammation in a quick response to the various stimulants, including—but not limited to—allergens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). MCs highly express receptors of these ligands and proteases (e.g., tryptase, chymase) and cytokines (TNF), and other granular components (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and aggravate the allergic reaction and inflammation. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has revealed that MCs also possess immune-regulatory functions, suppressing chronic inflammation and allergic reactions on some occasions. IL-2 and IL-10 released from MCs inhibit excessive immune responses. Recently, it has been revealed that allergen immunotherapy modulates the function of MCs from their allergic function to their regulatory function to suppress allergic reactions. This evidence suggests the possibility that manipulation of MCs functions will result in a novel approach to the treatment of various MCs-mediated diseases.

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF MAST CELL-MEDIATED ALLERGIC REACTIONS BY CELL CULTURED SIBERIAN GINSENG

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Jeong ◽  
H. N. Koo ◽  
N. I. Myung ◽  
M. K. Shin ◽  
J. W. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Siberian Ginseng

The protective effect ofTinospora cordifoliaon various mast cell mediated allergic reactions

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1096-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishit Zalawadia ◽  
Chintan Gandhi ◽  
Vaibhav Patel ◽  
Ramchandran Balaraman
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Allergic Reactions

Effects of Y-12, 141 in allergic reactions type I, III and IV in vivo

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Maruyama ◽  
M. Terasawa ◽  
K. Goto ◽  
Y. Kadobe ◽  
Y. Shiokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions

scholarly journals Beyond IgE: Alternative Mast Cell Activation Across Different Disease States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Lyons ◽  
Nicholas A. Pullen
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Type I ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Ige Mediated

Mast cells are often regarded through the lens of IgE-dependent reactions as a cell specialized only for anti-parasitic and type I hypersensitive responses. However, recently many researchers have begun to appreciate the expansive repertoire of stimuli that mast cells can respond to. After the characterization of the interleukin (IL)-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) axis of mast cell activation—a pathway that is independent of the adaptive immune system—researchers are revisiting other stimuli to induce mast cell activation and/or subsequent degranulation independent of IgE. This discovery also underscores that mast cells act as important mediators in maintaining body wide homeostasis, especially through barrier defense, and can thus be the source of disease as well. Particularly in the gut, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc.) are characterized with enhanced mast cell activity in the context of autoimmune disease. Mast cells show phenotypic differences based on tissue residency, which could manifest as different receptor expression profiles, allowing for unique mast cell responses (both IgE and non-IgE mediated) across varying tissues as well. This variety in receptor expression suggests mast cells respond differently, such as in the gut where immunosuppressive IL-10 stimulates the development of food allergy or in the lungs where transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can enhance mast cell IL-6 production. Such differences in receptor expression illustrate the truly diverse effector capabilities of mast cells, and careful consideration must be given toward the phenotype of mast cells observed in vitro. Given mast cells’ ubiquitous tissue presence and their capability to respond to a broad spectrum of non-IgE stimuli, it is expected that mast cells may also contribute to the progression of autoimmune disorders and other disease states such as metastatic cancer through promoting chronic inflammation in the local tissue microenvironment and ultimately polarizing toward a unique Th17 immune response. Furthermore, these interconnected, atypical activation pathways may crosstalk with IgE-mediated signaling differently across disorders such as parasitism, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders of the gut. In this review, we summarize recent research into familiar and novel pathways of mast cells activation and draw connections to clinical human disease.

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