scholarly journals Allergic Reactions to Current Available COVID-19 Vaccinations: Pathophysiology, Causality, and Therapeutic Considerations

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. Kounis ◽  
Ioanna Koniari ◽  
Cesare de Gregorio ◽  
Dimitris Velissaris ◽  
Konstantinos Petalas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Absorption Increase ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Mast Cell Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Considerations

Vaccines constitute the most effective medications in public health as they control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases and reduce mortality. Similar to other medications, allergic reactions can occur during vaccination.While most reactions are neither frequent nor serious, anaphylactic reactions are potentially life-threatening allergic reactionsthat are encountered rarely, but can cause serious complications.The allergic responses caused by vaccines can stem fromactivation of mast cells via Fcε receptor-1 type I reaction, mediated by the interaction between immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against a particular vaccine, and occur within minutes or up to four hours. The type IV allergic reactions initiate 48 h after vaccination and demonstrate their peak between 72 and 96 h. Non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation via activation of the complement system and via activation of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 can also induce allergic reactions. Reactions are more often caused by inert substances, called excipients, which are added to vaccines to improve stability and absorption, increase solubility, influence palatability, or create a distinctive appearance, and not by the active vaccine itself. Polyethylene glycol, also known as macrogol, in the currently available Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and polysorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, in AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines, are excipients mostly incriminated for allergic reactions. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge of immediate and delayed allergic reactions in the currently available vaccines against COVID-19, together with the general and specific therapeutic considerations. These considerations include:The incidence of allergic reactions and deaths under investigation with the available vaccines, application of vaccination in patients with mast cell disease, patients who developed an allergy during the first dose, vasovagal symptoms masquerading as allergic reactions, the COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, deaths associated with COVID-19 vaccination, and questions arising in managing of this current ordeal.Careful vaccine-safety surveillance over time, in conjunction with the elucidation of mechanisms of adverse events across different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, will contribute to the development of a safe vaccine strategy.Allergists’ expertise in proper diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions is vital for thescreening of high-risk individuals.

scholarly journals Ethanol Extract of Sesamum indicum Linn. Inhibits FcεRI-Mediated Allergic Reaction via Regulation of Lyn/Syk and Fyn Signaling Pathways in Rat Basophilic Leukemic RBL-2H3 Mast Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hyun Ju Do ◽  
Tae Woo Oh ◽  
Kwang-Il Park
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Potent Effect

This study is aimed at determining whether Sesamum indicum Linn. beneficially influences FcεRI-mediated allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 mast cells; it is also aimed at further investigating Lyn/Fyn and Syk signaling pathways. To examine the antiallergic effect of Sesamum indicum Linn. extract (SIE), we treated antigen/immunoglobulin E- (IgE-) sensitized mast cells with extracts of various concentrations. We examined the degranulation release and concentrations of inflammatory mediators. Additionally, the expressions of genes involved in the FcεRI and arachidonate signaling pathways were examined. SIE inhibited the degranulation and secretion of inflammatory mediators in antigen/IgE-sensitized mast cells. SIE reduced the expressions of FcεRI signaling-related genes, such as Syk, Lyn, and Fyn, and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in antigen/IgE-sensitized mast cells. Additionally, in late allergic responses, SIE reduced PGD2 release and COX-2 and cPLA2 phosphorylation expression in FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation. Lastly, 250–500 mg/kg SIE significantly attenuated the Ag/IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. The potent effect of SIE on RBL-2H3 mast cell activation indicates that the extract could potentially be used as a novel inhibitor against allergic reactions.

scholarly journals Effects of YM-13650 on type I to type IV allergic reactions and immune responses in animals.

1991 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshimitsu YAMADA ◽  
Kenichi TOMIOKA ◽  
Toshiyasu MASE ◽  
Kiyoshi MURASE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Type Iv

Amomum xanthiodes Inhibits Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Reactions Through the Inhibition of Histamine Release and Inflammatory Cytokine Production

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (9) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Kim ◽  
Tae-Yong Shin
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Histamine Release ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Disodium Cromoglycate ◽  
Plasma Histamine ◽  
Intracellular Ca

In this study, we investigated the effect of Amomum xanthiodes (Zingiberaceae) extract (AXE) on the mast cell-mediated allergy model and studied the possible mechanism of action. We found that AXE inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions and plasma histamine release in mice. Additionally, AXE decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated local allergic reactions and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and AXE dose-dependently attenuated the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or IgE. The amounts of AXE needed for inhibition of compound 48/80-induced plasma histamine release and PCA were similar to disodium cromoglycate, the known anti-allergic drug. We found that AXE increased the cAMP levels and decreased the compound 48/80-induced intracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, AXE attenuated the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of AXE on the proinflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent. In addition, AXE decreased PMA plus A23187-induced degradation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Our findings provide evidence that AXE inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions, and that cAMP, intracellular Ca2+, proinflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB are involved in these effects.

scholarly journals Tearfilm immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in vernal keratoconjunctivitis by ELISA

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pokharel ◽  
DN Shah ◽  
SN Joshi ◽  
M Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitivity Reaction ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is recurrent chronic allergic conjunctivitis occurring in the prepubertal age-group with secondary involvement of the cornea and is self-limiting in character. The disease is prevalent worldwide but it shows predominance in the areas with dry and warm climate including the South Asia. VKC represents about 3% of the serious ophthalmic disease in some parts of the world where the prevalence is rate is high.Type I hypersensitivity reaction which is IgE-dependent and type IV hypersensitivity reaction have been implicated for the pathogenesis VKC. Objective: To determine level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the tear film of patients with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) attending outpatient department of BP Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies (BPKLCOS). Materials and methods: Thirty-four VKC patients and thirty-four controls were included in this study. Tear samples were collected using micro- capillary glass tube method and tear IgE levels were measured using an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was high concentration of tear IgE level in VKC (95.09IU/ml) than in controls (1.63IU/ml) though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.16). No statistically significant difference was observed in male and female gender within VKC group and when compared with control group (in male group, p=0.21 and in female group, p=0.26). There was no statistically significant difference observed in tear IgE level in different age groups within VKC group and when compared with control group (p=0.30). The result did not show any significant difference in tear IgE level with respect to the duration of the disease (p=0.23).There was no statistically significant difference in tear IgE level with different episodes of VKC (p=0.69). No statistically significant difference of IgE concentration in tear was seen among different types of VKC (p=0.53) and grades of tarsal and limbal papillae (p= 0.72). Conclusion: There was high concentration of tear IgE level observed in VKC. Key words: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis; Tearfilm; IgE level; Type I hypersensitivity reaction; Type IV hypersensitivity reaction. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2700 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 104-108

scholarly journals Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei IJH-SONE68 Prevents and Improves the Picryl Chloride-Induced Contact Dermatitis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Noda ◽  
Nasrin Sultana ◽  
Ikue Hayashi ◽  
Mitsuhiro Fukamachi ◽  
Masanori Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Type Iv Allergy

Allergic disease is one of the most important and common health problems worldwide. We have previously demonstrated that a fig leaf-derived lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus (Lb.) paracasei IJH-SONE68 produces a novel exopolysaccharide (EPS). Furthermore, we have shown that the EPS inhibits the catalytic activity of hyaluronidase (EC 3.2.1.36) promoting inflammatory reactions. To evaluate the anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects of the EPS, in the present study, we employed the picryl-chloride-induced delayed-type (type IV) allergy model mice, which is used to evaluate the contact dermatitis. Oral administration of the EPS was observed to reduce the ear swelling in the model mice. We also observed that the overexpression of ear interleukin-4 (T helper (Th) 2 cytokine) mRNA and the increase in serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) are repressed. However, the expression of interferon-γ (Th1 cytokine) was not accelerated in all of the allergen-challenged model mice. The improvement may be responsible for the Th2 downregulation rather than the Th1 upregulation. In addition, the symptom of immediate-type (type I) allergy model mice was improved by oral administration of the IJH-SONE68 cell (data not shown). We can conclude that the IJH-SONE68-derived EPS is useful to improve the type I and IV allergies including atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Effects of MY-5116 on experimental animal models of type I-type IV allergic reactions and the formation of IgE antibody.

1986 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo TAKAHASHI ◽  
Kanou ENDOH ◽  
Noboru YAMADA ◽  
Shuichiro KADOWAKI ◽  
Yasuhiro ARAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Ige Antibody ◽  
Type Iv

Mast Cell-driven Skin Responses beyond Type I Allergic Reactions

2010 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Frank Siebenhaar ◽  
Martin Metz ◽  
Marcus Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Skin Responses

scholarly journals IgE- and IgE+Ag-mediated mast cell migration in an autocrine/paracrine fashion

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 3222-3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Kitaura ◽  
Tatsuya Kinoshita ◽  
Masaaki Matsumoto ◽  
Shaun Chung ◽  
Yuko Kawakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Paracrine Secretion

AbstractMast cells are the major effector cells for immediate hypersensitivity and chronic allergic reactions. These cells accumulate in mucosal tissues of allergic reactions, where immunoglobulin E (IgE) is produced locally. Here we provide evidence that, in addition to antigen that can attract IgE-bound mast cells, the type of IgE molecules that efficiently activate mast cells can promote the migration of mast cells in the absence of antigen. IgE- and IgE+Ag-mediated migration involves an autocrine/paracrine secretion of soluble factors including adenosine, leukotriene B4, and several chemokines. Their secretion depends on 2 tyrosine kinases, Lyn and Syk, and they are agonists of G-protein-coupled receptors and signal through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ, leading to mast cell migration. In mouse experiments, naive mast cells are attracted to IgE, and IgE-sensitized mast cells are attracted to antigen. Therefore, IgE and antigen are implicated in mast cell accumulation at allergic tissue sites with local high IgE levels. (Blood. 2005;105:3222-3229)

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