Acute effect of intensity and volume during strength training on sensation of pleasure, rating of perceived exertion, and pain in trained men

Purpose: To assess pacing strategies using prescribed and self-selected interset rest periods and their influence on performance in strength-trained athletes. Methods: A total of 16 strength-trained male athletes completed 3 randomized heavy strength-training sessions (5 sets and 5 repetitions) with different interset rest periods. The interset rest periods were 3 min (3MIN), 5 min (5MIN), and self-selected (SS). Mechanical (power, velocity, work, and displacement), surface electromyography (sEMG), and subjective (rating of perceived exertion) and readiness-to-lift data were recorded for each set. Results: SS-condition interset rest periods increased from sets 1 to 4 (from 207.52 to 277.71 s; P = .01). No differences in mechanical performance were shown between the different interset rest-period conditions. Power output (210 W; 8.03%) and velocity (0.03 m·s−1; 6.73%) decreased as sets progressed for all conditions (P < .001) from set 1 to set 5. No differences in sEMG activity between conditions were shown; however, vastus medialis sEMG decreased as the sets progressed for each condition (1.75%; P = .005). All conditions showed increases in rating of perceived exertion as sets progressed (set 1 = 6.1, set 5 = 7.9; P < .001). Participants reported greater readiness to lift in the 5MIN condition (7.81) than in the 3MIN (7.09) and SS (7.20) conditions (P < .001). Conclusions: Self-selecting interset rest periods does not significantly change performance compared with 3MIN and 5MIN conditions. Given the opportunity, athletes will vary their interset rest periods to complete multiple sets of heavy strength training. Self-selection of interset rest periods may be a feasible alternative to prescribed interset rest periods.

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Strength Training Session Induces Important Changes on Physiological, Immunological, and Inflammatory Biomarkers

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/9675216 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ayla Karine Fortunato ◽

Washington Martins Pontes ◽

Débora Maria Soares De Souza ◽

Jéssica Santos Ferreira Prazeres ◽

Lucas Soares Marcucci-Barbosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Training Session ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Muscle Actions

Strength exercise is a strategy applied in sports and physical training processes. It may induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophy is dependent on the eccentric muscle actions and on the inflammatory response. Here, we evaluate the physiological, immunological, and inflammatory responses induced by a session of strength training with a focus on predominance of the eccentric muscle actions. Twenty volunteers were separated into two groups: the untrained group (UTG) and the trained group (TG). Both groups hold 4 sets of leg press, knee extensor, and leg curl at 65% of personal one-repetition maximum (1RM), 90 s of recovery, and 2″conc/3″eccen of duration of execution in each repetition. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after, 2 hours after, and 24 h after the end of the exercise session. The single session of strength training elevated the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), visual analog scale (VAS), and lactate blood level in UTG and TG. Creatine kinase (CK) levels were higher at 2 and 24 h after the end of the exercise in UTG and, in TG, only at 24 h. The number of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils increased in UTG and TG, post and 2 h after exercise. Lymphocytes increased postexercise but reduced 2 h after exercise in both groups, while the number of monocytes increased only immediately after the exercise session in UTG and TG. The strength training session elevated the levels of apelin and fatty acid-binding proteins-3 (FABP3) in both groups and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in TG. The single exercise session was capable of inducing elevated HR, RPE, lactate level, and CK levels. This protocol changed the count/total number of circulating immune cells in both groups (UTG and TG) and also increased the level of plasmatic apelin, BDNF, and FLTS1 only in TG and FABP3 myokines in both groups.

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The acute effect of match-play on hip range of motion and isometric strength in elite tennis players

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.7940 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e7940 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Moreno-Pérez ◽

Fabio Yuzo Nakamura ◽

Violeta Sánchez-Migallón ◽

Raul Domínguez ◽

Valentín Emilio Fernández-Elías ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Strength Ratio ◽

Match Play ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Hip Range Of Motion ◽

Tennis Match

Background Groin injuries are some of the most common injuries tennis players suffer. Several factors (e.g., post-match decrease in hip adductor (ADD) strength) have been proposed as possible mechanisms for increasing the incidence of this type of injury. However, the risk factors of developing groin injuries after a tennis match have not yet been delineated. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tennis match-play on isometric ADD and abductor (ABD) strength and passive hip range of motion (ROM). Methods Twenty-six male tennis players (20.30 ± 4.98 years) took part in this study. Participants completed an evaluation of strength and flexibility hip measurements before and after a simulated tennis match. Dominant and non-dominant passive hip ROM, ADD and ABD isometric strength, and the ADD/ABD strength ratio were measured before and immediately post-match. A global positioning system (GPS) and a session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to assess the locomotive demands and internal match load. Results Isometric dominant ADD strength (17.8%, p ≤ 0.01) and ADD/ABD strength ratio (11.6%, p = 0.04) were lower post-match compared to the pre-match values. No between-limbs differences were observed for isometric ADD strength, ABD strength, and passive hip ROM tests. RPE showed an expected increase between pre- vs. post-match (pre- vs. post-warming-up, 3.42 ± 2.08 vs. 5.62 ± 2.29, p < 0.01). In addition, a significant relationship between ADD strength and the volume of tennis practice per week was found, stablishing that tennis players with lower volume of training per week suffered a reduction in ADD strength in their dominant limb after match-play (r = 0.420, p = 0.04). Conclusion The assessment of ADD strength and the ADD/ABD strength ratio in the dominant limb may be considered a post-match tool that can be used to identify players who require rest and additional recovery strategies before competing again.

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Different intensities of basketball drills affect jump shot accuracy of expert and junior players

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4250 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giuseppe Marcolin ◽

Nicola Camazzola ◽

Fausto Antonio Panizzolo ◽

Davide Grigoletto ◽

Antonio Paoli

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Maximum Accuracy ◽

Counter Movement Jump ◽

Different Levels

Background In basketball a maximum accuracy at every game intensity is required while shooting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of three different drill intensity simulation protocols on jump shot accuracy in expert and junior basketball players. Materials & Methods Eleven expert players (age 26 ± 6 yrs, weight 86 ± 11 kg, height 192 ± 8 cm) and ten junior players (age 18 ± 1 yrs, weight 75 ± 12 kg, height 184 ± 9 cm) completed three series of twenty jump shots at three different levels of exertion. Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) height was also measured after each series of jump shots. Exertion’s intensity was induced manipulating the basketball drills. Heart rate was measured for the whole duration of the tests while the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected at the end of each series of shots. Results Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were statistically different in the three conditions for both expert and junior players. CMJ height remained almost unchanged in both groups. Jump shot accuracy decreased with increasing drills intensity both in experts and junior players. Expert players showed higher accuracy than junior players for all the three levels of exertion (83% vs 64%, p < 0.001; 75% vs 57%, p < 0.05; 76% vs 60%, p < 0.01). Moreover, for the most demanding level of exertion, experts showed a higher accuracy in the last ten shots compared to the first ten shots (82% vs 70%, p < 0.05). Discussion Experts coped better with the different exertion’s intensities, thus maintaining a higher level of performance. The introduction of technical short bouts of high-intensity sport-specific exercises into skill sessions should be proposed to improve jump shot accuracy during matches.

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The Acute Effect of Mental Fatigue on Badminton Performance in Elite Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0361 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 632-638

Author(s):

Mathias H. Kosack ◽

Walter Staiano ◽

Rasmus Folino ◽

Mads B. Hansen ◽

Simon Lønbro

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Mental Fatigue ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Physiological Measures ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Specific Test ◽

Performance Time

Purpose: Several studies have examined the effect of MF on sport performance, but no studies have been conducted on badminton performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effect of mental fatigue (MF) on badminton performance in elite players. Methods: In total, 19 elite Danish badminton players completed 2 test days in randomized order, separated by 48 h. On day 1, to elicit MF, a 60-min incongruent Stroop task was performed. On day 2, 60 min of an emotionally neutral documentary was used for the control condition. After either condition, subjects performed a badminton-specific test (BST) where performance time was measured, as well as countermovement-jump height, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and lactate. Psychological questionnaires were answered under both conditions. Results: Subjects were significantly more mentally fatigued (P = .002) after the Stroop intervention than in the control. No differences between conditions were detected in the BST (control 32.43 [1.96] vs MF 32.43 [2.36] s; P = .99, Student t test). In addition, no effect of condition (P = .64), time (P = .14), or condition × time (P = .87) was found (2-way analysis of variance). Furthermore, no differences in heart rate, countermovement jump, or rating of perceived exertion were observed between conditions. Lactate showed no effect of condition (P = .46). Conclusion: Despite being more mentally fatigued after the Stroop test than in the control condition, performance was not negatively affected during a BST. In addition, no differences in physiological measures were observed.

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Influence of power and maximal strength training on thermal reaction and vertical jump performance in Brazilian basketball players: a preliminary study

Biomedical Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/bhk-2020-0012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Jaime Della Corte ◽

Wendell Luiz M. Pereira ◽

Eduardo Emil Lacerda S. Corrêa ◽

João Gabriel Miranda de Oliveira ◽

Bruno Lucas Pinheiro Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Training Session ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Training Protocols

SummaryStudy aim: To evaluate the effect of power and muscle strength training on skin temperature and the performance of the vertical jump with countermovement (CMJ).Material and methods: The sample consisted of four male basketball athletes of the under-17 category (age: 15.75 ± 1.0 years). 48 hours after anthropometric evaluation and determination of the loads for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg extension exercise, the athletes were subjected, through crossover-type entrance, to power (PTP) and strength (STP) training protocols. The protocols consisted of three sets with loads of 60% and 90% of 1RM for PTP and STP, respectively. Thermographic images of the thighs were taken before and immediately after each training session.Results: There were significant differences in results between the two training protocols, with increased total repetitions (t = 13.481; p < 0.05) and total training volume (t = 15.944; p < 0.05) in the PTP, and increase in the % of 1RM (t = 33.903; p < 0.05) and rating of perceived exertion (t = 6.755; p < 0.05) in the STP. The skin temperature before and after PTP and STP showed no significant differences. In the post-STP, the CMJ presented significant reductions in height (t = 3.318; p < 0.05), flight time (t = 3.620; p < 0.05), velocity (t = 3.502; p < 0.05), and force (t = 4.381; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in pre-and post-STP CMJ.Conclusions: Power and maximum strength training in the leg extension exercise performed until concentric failure appears to be a method that induces thermal stress on the skin. This training directly influenced the performance of the vertical jump after the stimulus.

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Training Distribution in 1500-m Speed Skating: A Case Study of an Olympic Gold Medalist

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0544 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 149-153

Author(s):

Jac Orie ◽

Nico Hofman ◽

Laurentius A. Meerhoff ◽

Arno Knobbe

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Anaerobic Power ◽

Training Session ◽

Anaerobic Capacity ◽

Wingate Test ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Intensity ◽

Mean Power ◽

Speed Skating

At the Olympic level, optimally distributing training intensity is crucial for maximizing performance. Purpose: The authors evaluated the effect of training-intensity distribution on anaerobic power as a substitute for 1500-m speed-skating performance in the 4 y leading up to an Olympic gold medal. Methods: During the preparation phase of the speed-skating season, anaerobic power was recorded periodically (n = 15) using the mean power (in watts) with a 30-s Wingate test. For each training session in the 4 wk prior to each Wingate test, the volume (in hours), training type (specific, simulation, nonspecific, and strength training), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE; CR-10) were recorded. Results: Compared with the 8 lowest, the 7 highest-scoring tests were preceded by a significantly (P < .01) higher volume of strength training. Furthermore, the RPE distribution of the number of nonspecific training sessions was significantly different (P < .01). Significant (P < .05) correlations highlighted that a larger nonspecific training volume in the lower intensities RPE 2 (r = .735) and 3 (r = .592) was associated positively and the medium intensities RPE 4 (r = −.750) and 5 (r = −.579) negatively with Wingate performance. Conclusion: For the subject, the best results were attained with a high volume of strength training and the bulk of nonspecific training at RPE 2 and 3, and specifically not at the adjoining RPE 4 and 5. These findings are surprising given the aerobic nature of training at RPE 2 and 3 and the importance of anaerobic capacity in this middle-distance event.

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AUTONOMIC, CARDIOVASCULAR & PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN STRENGTH TRAINING PROTOCOLS

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-869220202604222948 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 312-316

Author(s):

Andressa Formalioni ◽

Rousseau Silva da Veiga ◽

Aline Xavier Tuchtenhagen ◽

Léo Dutra Cabistany ◽

Fabricio Boscolo Del Vecchio

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Strength Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Acute Effect ◽

High Load ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Low Load ◽

Training Protocols

ABSTRACT Introduction Strength training is a recurrent practice among several publics and the topic of several studies, yet there is a shortage of previous studies that analyzed these parameters in the same subjects in training sessions involving volume, interval and different repetitions maximum ranges. Objective The study was aimed at measuring and comparing the acute effect of different ST (strength training) protocols on HR (heart rate), HRV (heart rate variability), [LAC] (lactate concentration), [CK] (creatine kinase) and SPE (subjective perceived exertion). Methods Eleven individuals with previous experience were recruited and in three sessions they performed three different training models, namely: high load (4 sets at 90% of 1RM, 180s rest between sets), medium load (3 sets at 75% of 1 RM, 90s rest between sets), and low load (2 sets at 50% of 1 RM, 45s rest between sets) in free squat, bench press, deadlift and bent-over row exercises. Results There was no difference in CK between low load (resistance) and medium load (hypertrophy) (p = 0.60), between resistance and high load (strength) (p = 0.84), and between hypertrophy and strength (p = 0.91), while there was higher lactate accumulation in training with medium and low loads in comparison to training with high loads (p <0.001). Conclusion It can be noted that workouts with high loads, few repetitions and longer intervals (maximum strength) generate lower blood lactate concentrations and SPE values when compared to training with lower loads and shorter intervals (resistance training and hypertrophy). Additionally, when evaluating autonomic and cardiovascular variables, it would appear that manipulating the percentage of 1RM and the interval time does not generate significant changes in HRV, blood pressure (BP) and HR when the repetitions are executed until failure. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.

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Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Performance in Young Judo Athletes

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2016-0218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 336-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Camilla Astley ◽

Diego Souza ◽

Marcos Polito

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Control Session ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Type Method ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Double Blind Design

Purpose:To compare the acute effect of caffeine ingestion on performance in young judo athletes.Method:In a randomized double-blind design, eighteen judo athletes (16.1 ± 1.4 yrs.) were evaluated on three nonconsecutive days. On the first day, the special judo fitness test (SJFT) was used as a control session. On the second day, the sample was randomly divided into two equal groups. One group received 4 mg.kg-1 of caffeine (capsule) and the other group received a placebo. After resting for 60 min, the sample performed the SJFT. On the final day of testing, the same procedure was performed but the substance ingested was exchanged between the groups.Results:Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the applications of the SJFTs. Caffeine ingestion did not induce changes in HR, but reduced the RPE compared with the placebo session (7.0 ± 1.1 vs 8.2 ± 2.0; p < .05), increased the number of throws applied (29.0 ± 2.6 vs 22.1 ± 3.4; p < .01) and reduced the SJFT index (12.2 ± 0.5 vs. 15.7 ± 0.9; p < .001).Conclusion:4 mg.kg-1 did not alter HR but improved performance on SJFT in young judo athletes and reduced the RPE.

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Rating of Perceived Exertion as a Method to Determine Training Loads in Strength Training in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18157892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 7892

Author(s):

Carlos Leandro Tiggemann ◽

Caroline Pietta-Dias ◽

Maira Cristina Wolf Schoenell ◽

Matias Noll ◽

Cristine Lima Alberton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Practical Application ◽

Borg Scale ◽

Additional Method ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Maximum Value

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of training using loads from a repetition maximum value (%1RM) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in elderly women. Methods: Twenty-five elderly women (60–75 years old) were randomly assigned to a group that trained using loads determined by 1RM test (G%; n = 12) or to a group that trained using loads determined by RPE (GPE; n = 13). Elderly women trained for 12 weeks using five exercises performed with 2–3 sets of 8–15 repetitions. Loads progressed from 45% to 75% of 1RM (G%) and from 13 to 18 from Rating Perceived Exertion of Borg Scale (GPE). The outcome measures, 1RM and maximum repetitions (RMs with 70% 1RM), were assessed before, between and after training programs. Results: Increased 1RM value and RMs were observed in both groups (20–42%, p < 0.001 and 56–76%, p < 0.001, respectively, for %G; and 17–56%, p < 0.001 and 47–106%, p < 0.001, respectively, for GPE), without differences between them. Conclusions: Prescribing loads using the RPE and 1RM might be similarly effective for training elderly women in order to promote strength gains. As a practical application, RPE could be an additional method to determine training loads. In spite of the promising results of the present study, it is not possible to state that the use of RPE is effective in monitoring loads during sub maximal strength training in elderly and more research must be carried out to confirm it.

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