Parading the Temporary: Cosmoramas, Panoramas, and Spectacles in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Murgia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
French Society ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Visual Models ◽  
Napoleonic Era ◽  
Theatrical Representations ◽  
The Revolution

The revolution of 1789 prompted various socio-cultural changes that deeply affected French society. Alongside the sense of instability that these events provoked, there are a number of open-air amusements, shows, exhibitions, and theatrical representations, from the Directoire and through the Napoleonic era. This chapter aims to analyze the mechanisms that allowed the development of these spaces. Ephemerality and temporality are central to this investigation, often determining the development of the space, its construction and functions, but also the cultural practices this comprehension of the space engendered. My objective is to discuss the visual models and cultural references enabling the rearrangement of existing areas and the rise of new “spheres” devoted to the consumption of entertainment.

scholarly journals The Beginnings of Bible Mission of the British and Foreign Bible Society in Early Nineteenth Century Hungary

Perichoresis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Ottó Pecsuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Revolution ◽  
Policies And Practices

Abstract The paper examines the very beginnings of Bible Mission in Hungary within the Habsburg Empire in the first part of the nineteenth century. It divides the first thirty years into two major epochs: the one before Gottlieb August Wimmer, Lutheran pastor of Felsőlövő (Oberschützen) and agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) and the one characterized by his work until the revolution of 1848. In the paper, I summarize the main obstacles of Bible Mission both political and religious as well as the main achievements and formations of policies and practices that still define Bible Mission of the Bible Societies in all around the world. The work of BFBS in Hungary in this period was also intertwined with the formative period of the Budapest Scottish Mission, a topic that I also touch in the paper.

When History Caught Up with Historians

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
Jeff Loveland
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
History Of

Thanks in part to the influence of Friedrich Brockhaus’s Konversations-Lexikon, a German encyclopedia inaugurated in 1796, biographies of the living had become unremarkable in Europe’s encyclopedias by the early nineteenth century. Today, they are pervasive. Between 1674 and 1750, they remained rare and controversial in the alphabetical ancestors of the modern encyclopedia. In this article, I explain why, and show how encyclopedists’ practices evolved in the period in which the historical dictionary and other alphabetical proto-encyclopedias burst onto the European literary scene, that is, the late seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. I begin by exploring early encyclopedists’ motives for not treating the living. My second section then examines the most influential historical dictionaries as well as the encyclopedia that best covered the living, tracking how practices regarding contemporary biographies evolved. Finally, I consider some of the broader social and cultural changes, both internal and external to the history of encyclopedia-making, that are reflected in encyclopedias’ growing coverage of the living and the recently deceased.

The Way of Napoleon: The Uniformisation of Esprit de Corps in Early Nineteenth-Century France

Ensemblance ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 112-139
Author(s):  
Luis de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
French Society ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
National System ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Military

After 1800, esprit de corps was often nationally manufactured, and Napoleon was its first engineer. French society became a reflection of the military. This chapter shows how the Bonapartists succeeded in building a national system of rewards and interdependent privileged corps in which ‘esprit de corps’ was encouraged according to a military model of general agonism. The transformation of the organisation of labour, of the army, and of education after the French Revolution is narrated. This chapter is essential to understand not only today’s France, but also most nation-states, functioning more or less under a similar model. The author also analyses the decline of labour communities and their form of belonging since the eighteenth century. The Revolutiondiscredited the esprit de corporation, and capitalist merchants were often thankful for the republican defence of more competitive and less-regulated entrepreneurship.

Urban Burial Reform in William Wordsworth’s “Village Churchyard”

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-304
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
The Relationship

Katherine E. Blake “Urban Burial Reform in William Wordsworth’s ‘Village Churchyard’” (pp. 279–304) This essay looks at the relationship between space and class in nineteenth-century English burials in order to shed new light on William Wordsworth’s Essays upon Epitaphs (1810, 1876) and “The Brothers” (1800). While Wordsworth’s work dwells on pastoral images of burial, I argue that his representations in fact align more closely with the cultural practices and values underpinning urban burial conventions. Through his representation of burial space, Wordsworth’s work plays out urban concerns about burial in the countryside. Ultimately, this essay argues that the exportation of urban concerns to imaginary rural sites accounts for the utility of Wordsworth’s work to mid-nineteenth-century burial reformers, and particularly to Edwin Chadwick, a utilitarian known for his work on the 1832 Poor Law and sanitary guidelines for burial. By reevaluating what prior studies have said about Chadwick’s reforms in light of recent work on his economic theories, I argue that Chadwick’s citation of Wordsworth’s first “Essay upon Epitaphs” transforms the latter’s pastoral vision into an endorsement of a national cemetery. I explore the extent to which Wordsworth’s early-nineteenth-century ideas are and are not compatible with Chadwick’s mid-century reforms.

Castlereagh and the Peace of Europe

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Graubard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Bias ◽  
Quarterly Review ◽  
Napoleonic Era ◽  
European Diplomacy

This paper is concerned with two different sorts of problems. It is an attempt to explain and interpret the diplomatic and political concepts which guided Castlereagh and his fellow-negotiators at Vienna; it also raises questions about certain conventional interpretations of the nature of Castlereagh's own accomplishment. The credit generally accorded Castlereagh for his work at Vienna derives largely from the acceptance of conclusions reached by the late Sir Charles Webster. Since Webster's analysis reversed an earlier adverse judgment on Castlereagh, it must not be thought that the purpose of this study is to reassert the old view. Quite the contrary; the intention, very simply, is to ask whether Webster and those who have followed him have not neglected to ask certain sorts of questions about the Napoleonic era, most particularly about the climate of opinion which prevailed at that time. While twentieth-century historians have succeeded in rescuing Castlereagh from his critics, it is just possible that they have tended to think of his accomplishment in terms more appropriate to this century than to the early nineteenth. As a result, they may praise him for qualities which are less remarkable than they imagine, while failing to appreciate his unique capacities, which were not so much intellectual as diplomatic.This should not be taken to imply that a fundamental revision of the main outlines of this period is in prospect. The debt owed Sir Charles Webster by those who have followed him in the study of early nineteenth-century European diplomacy is not likely soon to be redeemed. Had Webster's sole accomplishment been to create order in an area where something like chaos had previously existed, this would have been reason enough to perpetuate his memory. By his imaginative and meticulous methods, however, he achieved considerably more than this; he restored a reputation which had too long remained in question and showed conclusively that certain traditional judgments about the Vienna accords reflected a thinly veiled political bias. Webster succeeded in doing what Lord Robert Cecil, the later Lord Salisbury, attempted in 1862 in the Quarterly Review, where he expatiated on the unusual qualities of the man who served as British Foreign Secretary in the tumultuous decade 1812 to 1822.

Proudhon and the Problem of Community

1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Revolution

The problem of community, as Proudhon understands it, is to reconcil individual freedom with social peace. His political theorizing can best be seen as a prolonged effort to achieve this reconciliation. Proudhon was not at all original in placing the problem of community, as thus conceived, at the top of his agenda. He was simply responding in the usual way to the challenge presented by the Revolution to all writers on politics in early nineteenth-century France.- By disrupting social order at the same time that it awakened demands for freedom, the Revolution had made an answer to the problem of community both urgent and difficult. A reconstructed French community both free and safe was clearly needed, but how could it be achieved? If pressing demands for freedom were met, a tenuous social peace would be endangered, while if peace were secured, demands for fredom would go unsatisfied. The need and the difficulty of reconciling peace and freedom under the circumstances prevailing in France led Proudhon, like so many of his contemporaries, to devote himself to finding an answer to the problem of community.

Industrial towns and townships, 1750–1840

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Midlands

This chapter discusses sports and pastimes that were enjoyed in two contrasting communities in the early nineteenth century: the west Midlands and the West Riding of Yorkshire. It demonstrates the very different patterns of popular recreations that prevailed in each. The chapter also sets out to consider how such marked divergences between the cultural practices of the two regions had been formed. It explores popular recreation from the viewpoint of the regions.

Radical Voices, Radical Ways

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Radical Ideas

This book is a collection of essays that study the diffusion of radical ideas in Britain from the period of the English Revolution in the mid-seventeenth century to the Romantic Revolution in the early nineteenth century. It explores the modes of articulation and dissemination of radical ideas in the period by focusing on actors (“radical voices”) and a variety of written texts and cultural practices (“radical ways”), ranging from fiction, correspondence, pamphlets and newspapers to petitions presented to Parliament and toasts raised in public. It analyses the way these media interact with their political, religious, social and literary context. It adopts an interdisciplinary perspective and uses case studies as insights into the global picture of radical ideas.

The Sailor, the Lover, the Husband, and the King

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Cindy McCreery
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
Parliamentary Reform ◽  
National Hero ◽  
Naval Officers

William IV’s life (1765–1837) overlaps the period of Paul Langford’s A Polite and Commercial People, and encompasses several of its key themes. William’s sexual adventures, complex family life, and struggle to find a suitable wife recall the challenges facing both his Hanoverian relatives and other elite men of his generation, including fellow naval officers. Yet William’s life also illuminates the changing public attitudes to politics and rulers which marked the uneven transition from the Georgian to the Victorian period. Bitter attacks on William’s relationship with his wife Adelaide alternated with mostly sympathetic accounts of his role in the movements for Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform. Ultimately, if oddly, William was held up as a national hero and commercial symbol of Britain’s early nineteenth-century progress. Above all, William’s life was chronicled through caricature, which A Polite and Commercial People drew attention to as a distinctive and significant element of Georgian culture. An assessment of his representation in both caricatures and other engravings, including new forms such as lithographs, helps us to better understand William’s contemporary significance, and in turn the political, social, and cultural changes and continuities of the Georgian and Victorian periods.

scholarly journals A subject of interest: usurers on trial in early nineteenth-century France

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Vause
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Networks ◽  
Predatory Lending ◽  
French Society ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Lending Behavior ◽  
Cultural Constructions

This article examines perceptions and practices of habitual usury, a crime consisting of lending above the legal rate of interest on multiple occasions, in early nineteenth-century France using descriptions of usury trials found in the popular legal periodical the Gazette des Tribunaux. Following the French Revolution, French law legitimized lending at interest in principle, but punished ‘habitual usurers’ who ‘made a profession’ from lending above the legal limit. The decades that followed witnessed striking growth in banking, joint-stock companies and other financial institutions. Highlighting the connections between cultural constructions of the usurer and the actual processes deemed usurious, this article seeks to understand a paradox: that usury was deemed omnipresent in French society yet it was rarely prosecuted. By examining how habitual usury was defined and prosecuted in French courtrooms, this article shows how habitual usurers both validated and undermined stereotypical notions of predatory lending behavior found in popular culture of the time. Habitual usury trials also reveal the actual practices that allowed those excluded from formal financial networks to participate in the growth of capitalist relations. This article argues that the nineteenth-century obsession with the usurer can be explained by the crucial role played by usurious practices in the credit economy of the period. As such, prosecution of usury tended to focus on the character of the usury rather than the actual practice of illegal lending. This article suggests that by occasionally prosecuting particularly egregious ‘immoral’ moneylenders, the legal system and journals like the Gazette des Tribunaux worked to keep credit accessible to the ‘underbanked’.

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