scholarly journals Streektaaldood in de Lage Landen

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Arjen Versloot
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract Dialect Death in the Low CountriesThe death of Dutch dialects has been anticipated on various occasions in the past, a prediction that had not been borne out until the end of the twentieth century. Reliable figures about the state of autochthonous language diversity are surprisingly scarce. Lumping together and harmonizing figures from long term studies on dialect competences of students and schoolchildren from Belgium and the Netherlands, one can observe a gradual decline in the Netherlands over the 20th century and a more rapid decline in Flanders since the sixties, both ultimately heading towards (nearly) ‘zero’ for children born in 2020. Drastic reduction of linguistic diversity turns out not to be a privilege of the Amazonas or Papua New Guinea. The linguistic map of the Dutch speaking areas is filled with Randstad-oriented speech in the Netherlands, an emerging Tussentaal (‘In-between-language’) in Flanders and pockets of resistance of traditional vernaculars in Fryslân and Dutch Limburg, as well as some incidental communities in a few villages around the country.

scholarly journals Genetic and linguistic histories in Central Asia inferred using approximate Bayesian computations

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20170706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Thouzeau ◽  
Philippe Mennecier ◽  
Paul Verdu ◽  
Frédéric Austerlitz
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Past History ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Future Work

Linguistic and genetic data have been widely compared, but the histories underlying these descriptions are rarely jointly inferred. We developed a unique methodological framework for analysing jointly language diversity and genetic polymorphism data, to infer the past history of separation, exchange and admixture events among human populations. This method relies on approximate Bayesian computations that enable the identification of the most probable historical scenario underlying each type of data, and to infer the parameters of these scenarios. For this purpose, we developed a new computer program PopLingSim that simulates the evolution of linguistic diversity, which we coupled with an existing coalescent-based genetic simulation program, to simulate both linguistic and genetic data within a set of populations. Applying this new program to a wide linguistic and genetic dataset of Central Asia, we found several differences between linguistic and genetic histories. In particular, we showed how genetic and linguistic exchanges differed in the past in this area: some cultural exchanges were maintained without genetic exchanges. The methodological framework and the linguistic simulation tool developed here can be used in future work for disentangling complex linguistic and genetic evolutions underlying human biological and cultural histories.

scholarly journals Microbial biospherics: The experimental study of ecosystem function and evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (23) ◽  
pp. 11093-11098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias C. Rillig ◽  
Janis Antonovics
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Ecosystem Ecology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Reductionist Approach ◽  
Long Term Studies

Awareness that our planet is a self-supporting biosphere with sunlight as its major source of energy for life has resulted in a long-term historical fascination with the workings of self-supporting ecological systems. However, the studies of such systems have never entered the canon of ecological or evolutionary tools and instead, have led a fringe existence connected to life support system engineering and space travel. We here introduce a framework for a renaissance in biospherics based on the study of matter-closed, energy-open ecosystems at a microbial level (microbial biospherics). Recent progress in genomics, robotics, and sensor technology makes the study of closed systems now much more tractable than in the past, and we argue that the time has come to emancipate the study of closed systems from this fringe context and bring them into a mainstream approach for studying ecosystem processes. By permitting highly replicated long-term studies, especially on predetermined and simplified systems, microbial biospheres offer the opportunity to test and develop strong hypotheses about ecosystem function and the ecological and evolutionary determinants of long-term system failure or persistence. Unlike many sciences, ecosystem ecology has never fully embraced a reductionist approach and has remained focused on the natural world in all its complexity. We argue that a reductionist approach to ecosystem ecology, using microbial biospheres, based on a combination of theory and the replicated study of much simpler self-enclosed microsystems could pay huge dividends.

scholarly journals The Origins of Creationism in the Netherlands: The Evolution Debate among Twentieth-Century Dutch Neo-Calvinists

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham C. Flipse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The Netherlands is, besides the United States, one of the few countries where debates about creationism have been raging for decades. Strict creationism has become deeply rooted in traditional Reformed (Calvinist) circles, which is all the more remarkable as it stemmed from a very different culture and theological tradition. This essay analyses the historical implantation of this foreign element in Dutch soil by investigating the long-term interaction between American creationism and Dutch “neo-Calvinism,” a movement emerging in the late nineteenth century, which attempted to bring classical Calvinism into rapport with modern times. The heated debates about evolution in the interbellum period as well as in the sixties—periods characterized by a cultural reorientation of the Dutch Calvinists—turn out to have played a crucial role. In the interbellum period, leading Dutch theologians—fiercely challenged by Calvinist scientists—imported US “flood geology” in an attempt to stem the process of modernisation in the Calvinist subculture. In the sixties many Calvinists abandoned their resistance to evolutionary theory, but creationism continued to play a prominent role as the neo-Calvinist tradition was upheld by an orthodox minority, who (re-)embraced the reviving “Genesis Flood” creationism. The appropriation of American creationism was eased by the earlier Calvinist-creationist connection, but also by “inventing” a Calvinist-creationist tradition, suggesting continuity with the ideas of the founding fathers of neo-Calvinism. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of what Ronald L. Numbers has recently called the “globalization” of the “science-and-religion dialogue.”

Long-Term Changes in the Living Arrangements of Children in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben van Gaalen ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The 19Th Century

The demographic and social processes of the past 150 years have radically changed the number of parents that children grow up with. This article uses two unique data sets to illustrate long-term changes in the living arrangements of children born between 1850 and 1985 in the Netherlands. Changes are described in terms of whether fathers, mothers, and stepparents lived with these children at birth and at age 15. A massive shift occurred in the living arrangements of the 1850-1879 cohort compared with the 1880-1899 cohort of children, and there is only a slight return to 19th-century conditions in the most recent birth cohort. Researchers and politicians should be careful when comparing contemporary family life with the extraordinary situation Western families were in just after World War II. To some degree, contemporary complexities are more comparable to those in the 19th century, although the sources of these complexities are different.

scholarly journals Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction: Current Techniques

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Shons ◽  
Gerard Mosiello
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Patient Benefit ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background The techniques of breast reconstruction have evolved and matured over the past 25 years. Recent studies have proven the benefit of breast reconstruction for breast cancer patients. Methods The authors reviewed the recent literature on the techniques of breast reconstruction and the effects of reconstruction on patients following surgery for breast cancer. The findings in recent studies are correlated with the experience of the authors. Results A better understanding has been gained regarding surgical techniques of breast reconstruction as well as the proper indications for the various methods. The criteria of patient benefit have been defined by recent long-term studies. Conclusions Breast reconstruction following mastectomy has been proven to be a safe and beneficial procedure.

scholarly journals Long-term Studies of Tropical Stream Fish Communities:The Use of Field Notes and Museum Collections to Reconstruct Communities of the Past

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID REZNICK ◽  
RONALD J. BAXTER ◽  
JOHN ENDLER
Keyword(s):  
Stream Fish ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Tropical Stream ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Long Term Studies

scholarly journals On collagen, ageing and surgical treatment options following commercial kit withdrawals - a critical analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
BURGHARD ABENDSTEIN ◽  
DMITRY SHKARUPA ◽  
PETER PETROS
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Chronic Pelvic Pain ◽  
Midurethral Sling ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ligament Repair ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urine Loss ◽  
Repair Techniques ◽  
Long Term Studies

The banning of all mesh for prolapse by the FDA has failed to recognize that there is a major difference between mesh sheets applied behind the vagina for POP and repair of POP by shortening and reinforcing damaged suspensory ligaments, much as is used in the midurethral sling (MUS) which retains endorsement by the FDA. Mesh sheets interfere with the vaginal elasticity essential for function and may cause pain and massive urine loss postoperatively, in some cases; tapes far less so, as they have little contact with vagina and work by shortening and reinforcing damaged ligaments in the same way as the MUS operation. The main pathogenesis of POP is leaching out of collagen after the menopause. Weakened ligaments cannot support the organs so they prolapse. Only artificial collagenous neoligaments created by implanted tapes (as per the MUS) can create the new collagen required to repair these ligaments. The major advances developed over the past 30 years for treatment of POP using these ligament repair techniques has in one stroke been abolished. The treatment of POP has been set back 100 years. In their twilight years, many women will suffer the consequences of loose posterior ligaments, major prolapse, urge, nocturia, chronic pelvic pain, obstructed micturition defecation and fecal incontinence. The FDA needs to reconsider its ban, at least for tapes, which are supported by individual, multicentre and long-term studies.

Present status of the prevention of neural tube defects

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-753
Author(s):  
Henry L. Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Aggressive Treatment ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Long Term Studies

During the past two decades, a number of dramatic changes have taken place in the treatment of infants born with myelomenmgocele. Since the development in the 1950's and early 1960's of more effective methods for treating hydrocephalus, urinary incontinence, and paraplegia, aggressive treatment regimes have been initiated. Numerous articles and editorials have questioned these various treatment modalities based on the lack of objective long-term studies documenting their effectiveness. More recently, dissatisfaction with the results of current surgical prodecures for children with myelomeningocele has led to the development of selective criteria for early treatment.1,2 The purpose of this commentary, however, is not to discuss the merits of selective treatment for myelomeningocele but rather to discuss some of the recent developments for the prevention of this disorder.

scholarly journals Circles, Cycles and Ancestral Connotations. The Long-term History and Perception of Late Prehistoric Barrows and Urnfields in Flanders (Belgium)

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 299-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Van Beek ◽  
Guy De Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Netherlands

The perception of and interaction with ancient relics in past societies has been intensively debated in the archaeology of north-western Europe. This paper aims to make a contribution to this debate by reconstructing the long-term history of late prehistoric barrows and urnfields in Flanders (Belgium). The period between the Late Bronze Age and High Middle Ages (c. 1100 calbc–ad1300) is centred on. Contrary to Germany, Scandinavia and especially Britain, data from the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands) have so far barely played a role in wider international and theoretical discussions on the role of the past in the past. Previous studies on reuse practices in the Low Countries mainly focused on the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region of the southern Netherlands and north-eastern Belgium, which partly overlaps Flanders. These studies are combined and summarised. Their main outcomes are tested by means of a detailed inventory of reused late prehistoric cemeteries in Flanders. This study differs methodologically from most others in that it both offers an evidence-based overview of regional diachronic trends (documented at 62 barrow cemeteries and 13 urnfields) and discusses the developments at six sites yielding high resolution data. The observed reuse practices and site biographies appear to be remarkably dynamic and more diverse than previously suggested.

Time Trends in Social Class Mortality Differentials in the Netherlands, 1820–1920

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-153
Author(s):  
Frans van Poppel ◽  
Roel Jennissen ◽  
Kees Mandemakers
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Using Data

The question whether socioeconomic status gradients in adult mortality have changed over a broad historical period has become an important political and theoretical issue but is hard to test. In this article we study long-term trends in social inequality in adult mortality by using data for 2 (of the 11) provinces of the Netherlands for the period 1812–1922. We apply indirect estimation techniques, which have been developed for the analysis of mortality patterns in countries with deficient data. Our article shows that indeed there was a clear social class gradient in mortality, with the elite having higher survival chances between ages 35 and 55 than the middle class and farmers. Differences were even more apparent in comparison with workers. Over time there was a strong convergence among social classes in mortality levels. The implications of our results for the dominant views on the change in living standards in the past are discussed.

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