Racial Residential Transition at the Periphery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Michney
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Residential Transition ◽  
White Ethnics

This chapter compares the process of racial residential transition and patterns of interracial encounters in Glenville and the various neighbourhoods of Southeast Cleveland, finding differences mostly traceable to the white residents’ ethnic and class composition as well as the built environment. With most Jewish residents having left these areas, African Americans’ interactions with Roman Catholic Southern and Eastern Europeans took on greater significance. Aggressive real estate tactics seeking to promote rapid housing turnover became increasingly systematic and racial clashes (notably in the public schools) more common – including violent incidents which nevertheless remained on a low level overall, compared to Detroit and Chicago. Attempts at interracial neighbourhood mobilization continued, although the remaining white ethnics proved less receptive and demographic transition proceeded to the point where the population of these areas became overwhelmingly African American.

Value Creating Education Philosophy and the Womanist Discourses of African American Women Educators

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (SI) ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
Paula Estrada Jones
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Women Educators ◽  
African American Women ◽  
American Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Helping Others

The paper documents the initiative of two African American women educators who have utilized these theoretical approaches to solve the educational challenges in their respective communities. Marva Collins and Corla Hawkins decided to build schools in their own communities after realizing that the public schools were not equipped to educate minorities. The story of these two women demonstrates that individuals can address systemic injustices in their communities. Collins and Hawkins were not wealthy. What they possessed was a passion for helping others. Their example can inspire more individuals to take steps using liberating philosophies, like value-creating education and womanist approaches in education, to transform the state of education in their communities.        

Consequences of a match made in hell: the harm caused by menthol smoking to the African American population over 1980–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056748 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mendez ◽  
Thuy T T Le
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
African American Community ◽  
American Population ◽  
The Public ◽  
African American Population ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Life Years

BackgroundFor many years, national surveys have shown a consistently disproportionately high prevalence of menthol smokers among African Americans compared with the general population. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has quantified the harm that menthol smoking has caused on that population. In this work, we estimate the public health harm that menthol cigarettes have caused to the African American community over the last four decades.MethodsUsing National Health Interview Survey data, we employed a well-established simulation model to reproduce the observed smoking trajectory over 1980–2018 in the African American population. Then, we repeat the experiment, removing the effects of menthol on the smoking initiation and cessation rates over that period, obtaining a new hypothetical smoking trajectory. Finally, we compared both scenarios to calculate the public health harm attributable to menthol cigarettes over 1980–2018.ResultsOur results show that menthol cigarettes were responsible for 1.5 million new smokers, 157 000 smoking-related premature deaths and 1.5 million life-years lost among African Americans over 1980–2018. While African Americans constitute 12% of the total US population, these figures represent, respectively, a staggering 15%, 41% and 50% of the total menthol-related harm.DiscussionOur results show that menthol cigarettes disproportionally harmed African Americans significantly over the last 38 years and are responsible for exacerbating health disparities among that population. Removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit the overall US population but, particularly, the African American community.

JOB AUTHORITY AND EMERGING RACIAL INCOME INEQUALITIES IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-373
Author(s):  
George Wilson ◽  
Vincent J. Roscigno
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
African Americans ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Public

AbstractHas the adoption of “new governance” reforms over the last two decades eroded the public sector as a long-standing occupational niche for African Americans? Utilizing data from the General Social Survey, we address this issue in the context of earnings “returns” to three levels of job authority for African American men and women relative to their White counterparts. Findings, derived from analyses of three waves of the General Social Survey, indicate that the acceleration of this “business model” of work organization in the public sector has had relatively profound and negative consequences for African American income. Specifically, racial parity in earnings returns at all levels of authority in the “pre-reform” period (1992–1994) progressively eroded during “early reform” (2000–2002) and then even more so during the “late reform” (2010–2012) period. Much of this growing public sector disadvantage—a disadvantage that is approaching that seen in the private sector—is driven largely by income gaps between White and African American men, although a similar (though smaller) racial gap is witnessed among women. We conclude by discussing the occupational niche status of public sector work for African Americans, calling for further analyses of the growing inequality patterns identified in our analyses, and drawing attention to the implications for contemporary racial disadvantages.

Dunbar, Paul Laurence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
William Dean Howells ◽  
Antebellum South ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Paul Laurence Dunbar ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black Experience ◽  
Political Views ◽  
African American Artists

Paul Laurence Dunbar, born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1872, became the first African American to make his living solely as a writer. When he died of tuberculosis in 1906, he was perhaps the most famous and best-loved black man in America. During a short but prolific career, Dunbar composed about five hundred poems, one hundred short stories, four novels, many essays, and song lyrics. His public performances of his own works were wildly popular, and generations of African Americans were raised knowing, often by heart, his best-loved poems. In 1896, William Dean Howells, dean of American literary critics, hailed Dunbar’s work, but singled out the dialect poems for special praise. The public preferred them, too. For the decade that remained to him, Dunbar continued to write dialect poems, some of which seem to reinforce negative stereotypes of African Americans, and others that appear to romanticize the “good old days” of the antebellum South. On the other hand, Dunbar produced essays and poetry critical of America and the severe limits and indignities imposed on African Americans. Why would such a writer produce works so contradictory? This has been the crux of Dunbar studies almost from the time of his death. His critical reception reveals much about the taste and political views of subsequent generations of his readers and critics, who would do well to remember the enormous challenges facing Dunbar and all African American artists who strove to find their voices and make a living during those post-Reconstruction years, the “nadir” of the black experience in America.

Raisin, Race, and the Real Estate Revolution of the Early Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 287-312
Author(s):  
Carol M. Rose
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
White Neighborhood ◽  
Standard Practices

Lorraine Hansberry’s hit play of 1957, A Raisin in the Sun, centered on the decision of an African American family in Chicago, the Youngers, to move to a house in a white neighborhood. The play is set in the post–World War II era, but many of its scenes and actions relate back to real estate practices that began at the turn of the century and that continued to evolve into the midcentury and to some degree beyond. During those decades, housing development and finance increased dramatically in scale, professionalization, and standardization. But in their concern for their predominantly white consumers’ preferences for segregation, real estate developers, brokers, financial institutions, and finally governmental agencies adopted standard practices that excluded African Americans from many housing opportunities and that then reinforced white preferences for housing segregation. Many seemingly minor features of the play reflect the way that African Americans had been sidelined in the earlier decades’ evolving real estate practices—not just the family’s overcrowded apartment, but also more subtle cues, such as the source of the initial funds for the new house, the methods for its finance, and the legal background of the white homeowners’ effort to discourage the purchase. This essay pinpoints these and other small clues, and describes how standardizing real estate practices dating from the turn of the century effectively crowded out African American consumers like the Youngers, with consequences that we continue to observe in modern patterns of urban segregation.

Race, Literacy, and Real Estate Transactions in the Postbellum South

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Canaday ◽  
Charles Reback
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Data Set

This article examines barriers that impeded the accumulation of land by African Americans in the postbellum South with a new data set of real estate transactions from 1880 Tennessee. We find that rates of purchase by African Americans differed little between plantation and non-plantation regions. We also find that parcels sold in plantation regions were relatively small, suggesting that African American accumulation of land was not hindered by plantation owners refusing to subdivide their properties. Additionally, we find blacks paid more than whites per acre of quality-constant land, although literacy at least partially mitigated the racial price discrimination.

Laying the Cornerstone, 1825–1846

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School System ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Catholic School ◽  
Parochial School ◽  
Catholic Higher Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Irish Immigrants ◽  
Boston Public Schools

Benedict Fenwick, the second Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, had a rocky relationship both with the continued influx of Irish peasants and the Boston establishment. His priority was to lay the groundwork for Catholic higher education in Boston rather than establishing a parochial school system. Given that the Boston public schools presented a clear challenge to the faith of the Roman Catholic newcomers, one might expect that there would be a concerted counter-effort to provide a Catholic school alternative. However, the overall parochial school effort in Boston was much less than would have been expected. The major reasons for this “failure” were (1) the nature of the Catholic newcomers, who were overwhelmingly destitute Irish immigrants with no tradition of schooling in their homeland; (2) Bishop Fenwick’s background and personal characteristics; and (3) the policies adopted by the Boston establishment that controlled the public schools.

Undereducated and Overcriminalized in New Orleans

Prison School ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizbet Simmons
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Students ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
War On Crime ◽  
Out Of School

This chapter looks closely at New Orleans to show how punitive school disciplinary measures endorse the War on Crime, compounding the academic problems of African American students within the city's historically dysfunctional school system. It draws a picture of the dismal educational and disciplinary conditions in the public schools of New Orleans across two generations of African American men and shows their role in extending correctional vulnerability. The educational experiences of these men help explain how Louisiana gained the highest incarceration rate in the world. In Louisiana and nationally, the correctional system is filled with individuals who have dropped out of school. In 1997, almost 75 percent of state inmates lacked a high school diploma. Extreme school disciplinary policies have added to that group students who have been pushed out of school.

Integrated

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
African Americans ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
To Come ◽  
White School

It is 1960, six years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation in the public schools was prohibited and states were ordered to come up with plans for integrating African Americans into the white school systems. An unanticipated response to desegregation was that not all African Americans favored the process, because it meant that some of their cherished institutions would be changed forever. Few such institutions were affected more than the strong tradition of black high school basketball. And nowhere in the nation was that tradition stronger than in basketball-mad Kentucky, where more than fifty black high schools proudly competed in their own league for more than a quarter century. The Kentucky experience of desegregation reflects the dissonance when logic meets emotion. The story centers on Lincoln Institute, a black high school near Louisville founded in 1912 after the state legislature passed a law “to prohibit white and colored persons from attending the same school.” Lincoln Institute was led by a charismatic academic and theologian named Whitney M. Young. In more than three decades as the school's leader, Young overcame prejudice, funding issues, and politics to create a bastion of excellence and respect in the black community. In Integrated, former Lincoln Institute players, students, and teachers tell their stories of angst, regret, and resilience during a largely ignored transitional period in the nation's story of desegregation. Their experiences within the broader racial themes of the 1950s and 1960s provide a unique perspective on one of America's most transformative periods.

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