The Manpower Problem

Conquered ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Larry J. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Army Of Tennessee

By the beginning of 1863, the army of Tennessee was rapidly losing men. Few were respectful of the mandatory conscription act, and the men that did report for duty were often of poor quality. Officers took a number of actions to increase the army’s ranks and to improve the behavior and discipline of soldiers. Desertions and disobedience were increasingly met with harsh punishments and executions. Bragg created a provost to crack down on anything that jeopardized the army’s functionality. The provost arrested deserters, guarded prisoners of war, closed down brothels, and generally policed the army. Realizing the Confederate Conscript Bureaux was ineffective, Bragg placed Gideon Pillow in charge of conscription, bypassing the Richmond bureaux. Pillow rounded up thousands of new conscripts, but many of them were unwilling. Many men continued to desert the army to return home or turned themselves into the enemy. Other additions to the army were returning absentees and exchanged prisoners; however, reenlistment and conscription campaigns ultimately did not make up the substantial losses caused by desertions.

scholarly journals Mapping of North-Western Anatolia by the Lénard Expedition

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
János Jeney
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Digital Copy ◽  
North Western ◽  
Made In

Abstract. In 1918 the Hungarian Government sent a group of experts and scientists, to investigate the coastal region of Northern Anatolia with a view to promoting future Hungarian-Turkish economic relations. The brief of the expedition was to carry out technical, geological, economic and ethnographic surveys. They left Haydarpasa on 21 September 1918, and arrived a month later in Ereğli, where they decided to return home. While some of the group returned by ship to Istanbul, the rest travelled overland and studied an area south of the coastal district. The material collected by the expedition was hidden in a safe place in Istanbul. On 1 December the party was interred as prisoners of war, only being able to take a ship to Trieste on 7 January 1919 from where they travelled by train to Hungary. One manuscript of an ethnographic map with a scale of 1:200000 was brought back by István Györffy. This is by far the most detailed ethnographic map made of this part of Anatolia where many Balkanian and Caucasian refugees were placed by the Turkish Government. A digital copy of this map at a scale of 1:338000 was made in 1999 showing the same data. It details the origin of the population, differentiating between the native-born and immigrant Turkish populations. Although the expedition was terminated prematurely and therefore the map covered a smaller area than was intended, it is unique. The whereabouts of the second manuscript map and the rest of the material collected on the expedition is unknown.

Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Fowler ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Lynn S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
And Function ◽  
Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

The Impact of Missing and Error-Prone Auxiliary Information on Sparse-Matrix Sub-Population Parameter Estimates

Methodology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rutkowski ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Matrix ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Given a consistent interest in comparing achievement across sub-populations in international assessments such as TIMSS, PIRLS, and PISA, it is critical that sub-population achievement is estimated reliably and with sufficient precision. As such, we systematically examine the limitations to current estimation methods used by these programs. Using a simulation study along with empirical results from the 2007 cycle of TIMSS, we show that a combination of missing and misclassified data in the conditioning model induces biases in sub-population achievement estimates, the magnitude and degree to which can be readily explained by data quality. Importantly, estimated biases in sub-population achievement are limited to the conditioning variable with poor-quality data while other sub-population achievement estimates are unaffected. Findings are generally in line with theory on missing and error-prone covariates. The current research adds to a small body of literature that has noted some of the limitations to sub-population estimation.

An experience of performing spirometry by trained general practitioners

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
M. A. Pokhaznikova ◽  
E. A. Andreeva ◽  
O. Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Study Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Forced Expiratory Maneuver ◽  
Maximal Effort

The article discusses the experience of teaching and conducting spirometry of general practitioners as part of the RESPECT study (RESearch on the PrEvalence and the diagnosis of COPD and its Tobacco-related aetiology). A total of 33 trained in spirometry general practitioners performed a study of 3119 patients. Quality criteria met 84.1% of spirometric studies. The analysis of the most common mistakes made by doctors during the forced expiratory maneuver is included. The most frequent errors were expiration exhalation of less than 6s (54%), non-maximal effort throughout the test and lack of reproducibility (11.3%). Independent predictors of poor spirogram quality were male gender, obstruction (FEV1 /FVC<0.7), and the center where the study was performed. The number of good-quality spirograms ranged from 96.1% (95% CI 83.2–110.4) to 59.8% (95% CI 49.6–71.4) depending on the center. Subsequently, an analysis of the reasons behind the poor quality of research in individual centers was conducted and the identified shortcomings were eliminated. The poor quality of the spirograms was associated either with the errors of the doctors who undertook the study or with the technical malfunctions of the spirometer.

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