scholarly journals INCIDENCE OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF CERTAIN ORGANS DEPENDING ON INDIVIDUALIZED ACCUMULATED IRRADIATION DOSES

2015 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
I. V. Veyalkin ◽  
A. A. Cheshik ◽  
O. F. Semenenko ◽  
N. G. Vlasova ◽  
Yu. V. Gorbun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Standardized Incidence Ratio ◽  
Corpus Uteri ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the study is the population affected after the Chernobyl accident (1-7 groups of primary accounting). We studied cases of malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic or related tissues, cases of thyroid cancer, cancer of the testicles, ovary, kidney, corpus uteri, prostate and bladder over 1986-2014. We calculated and analyzed the parameters of the standardized incidence ratio depending on radiation doses. Women revealed a statistically significant dependence of the incidence rates of thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia on radiation dose, men revealed such a dependence in cancer of the testicles.

Primary Malignant Neoplasms Associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Santoro ◽  
Franco Rilke ◽  
Franca Franchi ◽  
Silvio Monfardini
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Second Primary Neoplasms ◽  
Primary Neoplasms ◽  
Cellular And Humoral Immunity

Over the past 2 decades there has been an almost exponential increase in the frequency with which cases of leukemia associated with another primary malignant lesion have been reported. In this study we reported the occurrence of a second primary neoplasm in 82 consecutive cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) admitted to the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan from September 1962 to December 1978. In 16 of these (19.5%), an associated neoplasm was diagnosed subsequently (8 cases) or concurrently (8 cases) to CLL. Head and neck carcinomas and breast cancer had the highest incidence (5 and 3 cases, respectively). The results of this study further support the hypothesis that patients with CLL are prone to develop subsequent cancer. The defective cellular and humoral immunity in CLL may have an etiological role in the development of an additional primary malignancy. Although alkylating agents are known carcinogens in experimental animals and man, our results support the lack of a correlation between treatment with alkylating agents and incidence of second primary neoplasms, as demonstrated by Greene et al. (10).

Leukemia risk following radiotherapy for breast cancer.

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
R E Curtis ◽  
J D Boice ◽  
M Stovall ◽  
J T Flannery ◽  
W C Moloney
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Medical Physicists

To evaluate further the relationship between high-dose radiotherapy and leukemia incidence, a nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort of 22,753 women who were 18-month survivors of invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1935 to 1972. Women treated for breast cancer after 1973 were excluded to minimize the possible confounding influence of treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The cases had histologically confirmed leukemia reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry (CTR) between 1935 and 1984. A total of 48 cases of leukemia following breast cancer were included in the study. Two controls were individually matched to each leukemia case on the basis of age, calendar year when diagnosed with breast cancer, and survival time. Leukemia diagnoses were verified by one hematologist. Radiation dose to active bone marrow was estimated by medical physicists on the basis of the original radiotherapy records of study subjects. Local radiation doses to each of the 16 bone marrow components for each patient were reconstructed; the dose averaged over the entire body was 530 rad (5.3 Gy). Based on this dosage and assuming a linear relationship between dose and affect, a relative risk (RR) in excess of 10 would have been expected. However, there was little evidence that radiotherapy increased the overall risk of leukemia (RR = 1.16; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 2.1). The risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, one of the few malignancies without evidence for an association with ionizing radiation, was not significantly increased (RR = 1.8; n = 10); nor was the risk for all other forms of leukemia (RR = 1.0; n = 38). There was no indication that risk varied over categories of radiation dose. These data exclude an association between leukemia and radiotherapy for breast cancer of 2.2-fold with 90% confidence, and provide further evidence that cell death predominates over cell transformation when high radiation doses are delivered to limited volumes of tissue.

scholarly journals Trends in the risk of second primary malignancies among survivors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Sikander Ailawadhi ◽  
Leyla Bojanini ◽  
Aditya Mehta ◽  
Suman Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Standardized Incidence Ratio ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Primary Malignancies

Abstract With improving survivorship in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs) has not been systematically addressed. Differences in risk for SPMs among CLL survivors from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1973–2015) were compared to risk of individual malignancies expected in the general population. In ~270,000 person-year follow-up, 6487 new SPMs were diagnosed with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.2 (95% CI:1.17–1.23). The higher risk was for both solid (SIR 1.15; 95% CI:1.12–1.18) and hematological malignancies (SIR 1.61; 95% CI:1.5–1.73). The highest risk for SPMs was noted between 2 and 5 months after CLL diagnosis (SIR 1.57; 95% CI:1.41–1.74) and for CLL patients between 50- and 79-years-old. There was a significant increase in SPMs in years 2003–2015 (SIR 1.36; 95% CI:1.3–1.42) as compared to 1973–1982 (SIR 1.19; 95% CI:1.12–1.26). The risk of SPMs was higher in CLL patients who had received prior chemotherapy (SIR 1.38 95% CI:1.31–1.44) as compared to those untreated/treatment status unknown (SIR 1.16, 95% CI:1.13–1.19, p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, the hazard of developing SPMs was higher among men, post-chemotherapy, recent years of diagnosis, advanced age, and non-Whites. Active survivorship plans and long-term surveillance for SPMs is crucial for improved outcomes of patients with a history of CLL.

scholarly journals Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food and Drinks and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the MCC-Spain Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5457
Author(s):  
Marta Solans ◽  
Sílvia Fernández-Barrés ◽  
Dora Romaguera ◽  
Yolanda Benavente ◽  
Rafael Marcos-Gragera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
Incident Cases

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in Western countries. Its etiology is largely unknown but increasing incidence rates observed worldwide suggest that lifestyle and environmental factors such as diet might play a role in the development of CLL. Hence, we hypothesized that the consumption of ultra-processed food and drinks (UPF) might be associated with CLL. Data from a Spanish population-based case-control study (MCC-Spain study) including 230 CLL cases (recruited within three years of diagnosis) and 1634 population-based controls were used. The usual diet during the previous year was collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire and food and drink consumption was categorized using the NOVA classification scheme. Logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used. Overall, no association was reported between the consumption of UPF and CLL cases (OR per each 10% increase of the relative contribution of UPF to total dietary intake = 1.09 (95% CI: 0.94; 1.25)), independently of the Rai stage at diagnosis. However, when analyses were restricted to cases diagnosed within <1 year (incident), each 10% increment in the consumption of UPF was associated with a 22% higher odds ratio of CLL (95% CI: 1.02, 1.47) suggesting that the overall results might be affected by the inclusion of prevalent cases, who might have changed their dietary habits after cancer diagnosis. Given the low number of cases in the subgroup analyses and multiple tests performed, chance findings cannot totally be ruled out. Nonetheless, positive associations found in CLL incident cases merit further research, ideally in well-powered studies with a prospective design.

scholarly journals Fungal Infections in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia before and after Treatment

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 2135-2135
Author(s):  
Martin W. Schoen ◽  
Peter Georgantopoulos ◽  
Nagasai S Yalavarthi ◽  
Charles L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Icd9 Code ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anti Fungal

Background : Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) are susceptible to infections due to impaired immunity, from both complications of disease and treatments. Specific treatments such as fludarabine or rituximab are incorporated in chemotherapy regimens for CLL and cause lymphocyte depletion and impaired humoral immunity, resulting in increased risk of fungal infections. The aim of this study is to explore the incidence rates of fungal infections in patients before and after treatment for CLL. Methods : We identified patients diagnosed with CLL using ICD9 code 204.1X within the Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) between 1999 and 2013, before the availability of novel agents for CLL. Pharmacy records were used to identify treatment of CLL (alemtuzumab, bendamustine, chlorambucil, fludarabine, ofatumumab, pentostatin, and rituximab) as well as anti-fungal agents (amphotericin, caspofungin,fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, and voriconazole). Fungal infections were identified with two strategies, using ICD9 codes alone (candida 112.X; pneumocystis 136.3; coccidiomycosis 114.x; histoplasmosis 115.X; blastomycosis 116.X; aspergillus 117.3; cryptococcus 117.5; opportunistic mycoses 118.X) as well as using ICD9 codes combined with evidence of treatment with an anti-fungal (ICD9+antifungal). Number of infections and incidence rates were categorized as occurring in patients prior to first treatment (pre-treat), or after first treatment (post-treat), or in patients who had never received treatment within the VHA (no-treat). Incidence rate ratio between pre- and post-treatment period was calculated to quantify the magnitude of risk increase in patients who received CLL treatment. Results : A cohort of 20,023 patients were identified with CLL and followed for a mean of 5.33 years for a total surveillance of 106,772 person-years. Of these patients, 3,726 (18.6%) received treatment for CLL within the VHA. Using ICD9 codes alone, 970 fungal infections were identified and with ICD9+anti-fungal, 415 patients had an infection. With ICD9, the most common infection was candida with 765 infections, followed by aspergillus with 58 and pneumocystis with 39 infections. Rates of infections based on ICD9 were highest in the post-treat group with 2.98 infections per 100 person-years, followed by 1.08 infections per 100 person-years in the pre-treat group and 0.58 infections per 100 person-years in the no-treat group. The most common first treatment was rituximab alone, used in 35.9% of patients, followed by chlorambucil in 31.9%, fludarabine in 20.4%, and bendamustine in 9.9%. In comparison to pre-treat patients, post-treat patients had 2.91 times increased risk of fungal infection (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.24-3.81) determined by ICD9 code and 4.74 times increased risk (95% CI 3.09-7.57) determined by ICD9+antifungal. The rate of candida infection increased 2.9 fold (95% CI 2.24-3.81) with ICD9 and 4.7 fold (95% CI 3.09-7.57) with ICD9+antifungal while aspergillus infections increased 8.7 fold (95% CI 3.01-35.4) with ICD9 and 10.2 fold (95% CI 2.88-63.1) with ICD9+antifungal between post-treat and pre-treat groups. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis of CLL patients, treatment for CLL significantly increased the rate of fungal infections, primarily candida and aspergillus. Further study is needed to understand the effect of modern treatments on fungal infections in CLL. Disclosures Schoen: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding. Georgantopoulos:Pharmacyclics: Research Funding. Bennett:Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Incidence of Second Malignancy in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 13 Dataset

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Endo ◽  
Jessica B. Liu ◽  
Marcelle Dougan ◽  
Jennifer S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Second Primary Malignancy ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
End Results

Increased risk of second primary malignancy (SPM) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been reported. Here, we present the most updated incidence rates of second primary malignancy from original diagnosis of PTC by using the data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results. In this cohort, 3,200 patients developed SPM, a substantially higher number than in the reference population of 2,749 with observed to expected ratio (O/E) of 1.16 (95% CI; 1.12–1.21). Bone and joint cancer had the highest O/E ratio of 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33–7.15) followed by salivary gland (O/E 4.15; 95% CI 2.76–6.0) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (O/E 3.98; 95% CI 2.12–6.8). Mean age at the diagnosis of SPM was 64.4 years old. Interestingly, incidence of colorectal cancer was lower in thyroid cancer survivors compared to general population (large intestine O/E 0.3; 95% CI 0.06–0.88, rectum O/E 0.6; 95% CI 0.41–0.85); however, this was not observed in patients who underwent radiation therapy. The incidence of SPM at all sites was higher during 2000–2012 compared to 1992–1999 (O/E 1.24 versus 1.10). Surprisingly, patients with micropapillary cancer had higher incidence of SPM than counterparts with a larger tumor in radiation group (O/E of 1.40 versus 1.15). O/E of all cancers were higher in males compared to females with O/E of 1.41 versus 1.17 during the period of 2000–2012. Diagnosis of PTC before age 50, especially at age 30–34, was associated with higher incidence of overall SPM (age 30–34; O/E 1.43; 95% CI; 1.19–1.71). Efficient monitoring strategies that include age at the time of thyroid cancer diagnosis, exposure to radiation, gender, and genetic susceptibility may successfully detect SPM earlier in the disease course. This is especially important given the excellent prognosis of the initial thyroid cancer itself.

Heritability of Hematologic Neoplasms in Twins: An Update

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3636-3636
Author(s):  
Ali Ozhand ◽  
Thomas M. Mack ◽  
Sophia S. Wang ◽  
Ann S. Hamilton ◽  
Amie E. Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
National Death Index ◽  
Hematologic Neoplasms ◽  
Standardized Incidence Ratio ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Hematologic Neoplasm

Abstract Abstract 3636 Hodgkin lymphoma, especially the young adult type, is one of the most heritable cancers. We previously reported a high risk of Hodgkin lymphoma to monozygotic (MZ), but not dizygotic (DZ) co-twins of cases, and only a modest difference in risk between MZ and DZ co-twins of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases (Mack, 1995). After an additional 18 years of follow-up, we have now updated the observed occurrence of hematologic malignancies in the initially unaffected co-twins of HL, NHL, multiple myeloma (MM), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) twin probands. The number of calendar and age-specific person-years at risk for each co-twin was calculated from the date of diagnosis of the proband to the date of last follow-up of the co-twin, defined by the last date of contact, date of death ascertained directly or from linkage with the National Death Index, or evidence of current vital status from a national tracing program. The expected number of cases was calculated by applying the calendar and age-specific incidence rates by 5-year interval categories for each hematologic neoplasm from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results Program to the person-years of risk. Diagnoses of hematological neoplasms in the co-twins by age and year were ascertained by direct follow-up augmented by a linkage with the National Death Index, using diagnoses categorized by the ICD-9 codes. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was computed as the observed to expected number of cases; 95% confidence intervals (CI) (Breslow and Day, 1987), and the risk ratio (RR) (ratio of the SIR in MZ co-twins compared to that in DZ co-twins) were calculated. Whereas the SIR for DZ co-twins measures the heritable and acquired components of risk to first-degree family members, the RR provides evidence of genetic heritability, based on the additional genomic commonality of MZ twins. A total of 364 (HL), 501 (NHL), 91 (MM), and 45 (CLL) co-twins of probands contributed to the analysis. The risk of developing the same hematologic neoplasm as the proband was generally higher in the MZ compared to the DZ co-twins, with the highest RR observed for HL (13.3) and the lowest for NHL (1.75). Although more than 10,000 person-years were added since the original paper, the RR's for HL and NHL did not change substantially from those reported in 1995. The RR for CLL was 3.3 suggesting moderately strong heritability. One MZ co-twin developed MM producing a large SIR, however chance cannot be easily ruled out. The findings of most interest are the continued very high risk of HL in MZ compared to DZ twins confirming the strong heritability of this neoplasm, and the relatively low RR for NHL. MZ and DZ co-twins of NHL probands had increased but similar SIR's, suggesting that shared environmental factors are more important than heritability. Subtype–specific information on the NHL type was not available from the ICD-9 codes used by the Death Index to identify new cases, so it is possible that stronger NHL heritability would be evident if subtypes were considered separately. Table 1. Occurrence of similar hematologic neoplasms in co-twins of lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia probands Neoplasm Type Zygosity No. at risk No. Cases Expected No. Cases Observed SIR1 (95% CI2) Risk Ratio: SIR1MZ/SIR1DZ Hodgkin lymphoma MZ 170 0.11 13 114.2 (60.7, 195.3) 13.3 DZ 194 0.12 1 8.6 (0.1, 47.6) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma MZ 213 0.51 6 11.8 (4.3, 25.7) 1.75 DZ 288 0.74 5 6.7 (2.2, 15.7) Multiple myeloma MZ 51 0.03 1 28.8 (0.38, 160,3) NA DZ 40 0.02 0 0 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia MZ 25 0.01 4 260.9 (70.2, 668,0) 3.3 DZ 20 0.01 1 79.8 (1.0, 444.0) 1 Standardized incidence ratio 2 95% Confidence intervals Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Increasing Incidence of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Korea, 1999-2010: Comparison to Plasma Cell Myeloma

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 5277-5277
Author(s):  
Seung Jun Lee ◽  
Hwei-Fang Tien ◽  
Hyeon Jin Park ◽  
Jung-Ah Kim ◽  
Dong Soon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Plasma Cell Myeloma ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
The Us ◽  
Asian Pacific

Abstract Introduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and plasma cell myeloma (PCM) have markedly higher incidences in Western compared with Asian countries. In Asian countries, both CLL and PCM have increased over the previous few decades. However, the epidemiologic characteristics of CLL have not been previously studied in Korea. To track the changing trends in the incidence of CLL and PCM, we investigated epidemiologic data in Korea from 1999 to 2010 and compared it with data regarding Taiwanese and Caucasian Americans. We specifically addressed the differences in the trends of CLL and PCM. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with CLL or PCM between 1999 and 2010 from the KCCR and between 1992 and 2010 from the SEER database. We utilized the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) codes for CLL (9823/3) and PCM (9732/3). The age at diagnosis was classified into 18 age groups by 5-year intervals. The data of Taiwan was obtained by personal communication. Results: The ASR of CLL from 1999 to 2010 in Korea was 0.13/100,000 person-years (0.17/100,000 for men and 0.09/100,000 for women). The APC in the CLL incidence in Korea was 4.17% (95% CI: 0.77-7.68%) (Table 1). For comparison, the ASR of the CLL in the US from 1999 to 2010 was 3.21/100,000, and CLL exhibited an APC of 0.68% (95% CI: -0.39 to 1.77%). The APC of CLL over the previous 12 years in Korea (4.17%) was markedly higher (i.e., 6.1-fold) compared with the US (0.68%). In a comparison of different ethnic groups, the ASR in Caucasians was 3.57/100,000; this incidence was the highest rate observed (Figure 1). The ASRs in individuals of African descent and Asians/Pacific Islanders were 2.41/100,000 and 0.74/100,000, respectively. The temporal trends in the ASRs in all races remained stable. The ASR of PCM for the period from 1999 to 2010 in Korea was 1.23/100,000 person-years (1.51/100,100 for men and 1.04/100,000 for women). The APC in the PCM incidence rates was 4.68% (95% CI: 4.12-5.24%) (Table 1). The ASR of PCM in the US from 1999 to 2010 was 3.97/100,000, which was 3.2-fold higher compared with Korea. The incidence of PCM in the US increased, with an APC of 0.50% (95% CI: 0.11-0.88%). The APC in Korea during the same period was 9.4-fold higher compared with the US. In the US, differences in the incidence were observed among ethnic groups, including Caucasians, African Americans and Asians or Pacific Islanders (Figure 1). African Americans constituted the group most susceptible to PCM, with an ASR of 8.42/100,000. The ASRs for Caucasian and Asians/Pacific Islanders were 3.67/100,000 and 2.37/100,000, respectively. The ASRs for the all races remained stable. Conclusion: In conclusion, the incidence rates of CLL have gradually increased from 1999 to 2010, while those of PCM have increased steeply. Both of them still show prominent lower incidences compared to US, but the incidence rates of CLL and PCM appears to be stable in the US. Though genetic background is the key factor for ethnic difference in the incidence, further study will be needed to elucidate the reason for recent differential increasing trends between CLL and PCM incidence in Korea. Table 1. Comparison of incidence and trend in CLL and PCM during 1999-2010 between US and Korea °° °° US Korea Comparison (US/Korea) CLL ASR* 3.21 0.13 24.69 APC (95% CI) 0.68 (-0.39 to 1.77) 4.17 (0.77 to 7.68)¢" 0.16 PCM ASR* 3.97 1.23 3.23 °° APC (95% CI) 0.50 (0.11 to 0.88)¢" 4.68 (4.12 to 5.24)¢" 0.11 * ASR are expressed per 100,000 person-years ¢" APC is statistically significantly different from zero Abbreviation: CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; PCM, plasma cell myeloma; ASR, age-standardized rate; APC, annual percentage change; CI, confidence interval. Figure 1. The age-standardized incidence rates of (A) chronic lymphocytic leukemia and (B) plasma cell myeloma in US, Taiwan, and Korea Abbreviation: W, White; B, Black; API, Asian/Pacific Islander. Figure 1. The age-standardized incidence rates of (A) chronic lymphocytic leukemia and (B) plasma cell myeloma in US, Taiwan, and Korea. / Abbreviation: W, White; B, Black; API, Asian/Pacific Islander. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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